Scientists depend on complex computational systems that are often ineliminably opaque, to the detriment of our ability to give scientific explanations and detect artifacts. Some philosophers have suggested treating opaque systems instrumentally, but computer scientists developing strategies for increasing transparency are correct in finding this unsatisfying. Instead, I propose an analysis of transparency as having three forms: transparency of the algorithm, the realization of the algorithm in code, and the way that code is run on particular hardware and data. This targets the transparency most useful for a task, avoiding instrumentalism by providing partial transparency when full transparency is impossible.

中文翻译：

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复杂计算系统的透明度

科学家依赖于复杂的计算系统，这些系统通常是不可避免的不透明，这损害了我们提供科学解释和检测人工制品的能力。一些哲学家建议用工具来处理不透明的系统，但计算机科学家开发出增加透明度的策略时发现这种不满意是正确的。相反，我建议将透明度分析为三种形式：算法的透明度、算法在代码中的实现以及代码在特定硬件和数据上运行的方式。这针对对任务最有用的透明度，通过在不可能完全透明时提供部分透明度来避免工具主义。