This paper focuses on a little-known aspect of the first constitutional period in the Ottoman Empire: the introduction ofidare-i örfiyye(an equivalent of the state of siege) into the Ottoman legal system. With a name rooted in the Ottoman legal tradition and a definition clearly inspired by the nineteenth-century French “état de siège,” theidare-i örfiyyewas a case of legal hybridization that combined the Ottoman political and legal tradition with transnational (or transimperial) legal circulation. This paper seeks to understand how and why different legal references were combined in order to make it possible, under exceptional circumstances, to suspend the ordinary legal order. At the same time, it analyzes the first application of theidare-i örfiyye, which occurred during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878, to show how local and diplomatic reactions to this exceptional state of affairs were crucial for the further definition of the notion. Through a critical approach to legal texts and archival documents, the article discusses how various legal sources, the political context of the early Hamidian reign, and local experiences all shaped the notion ofidare-i örfiyye, soon transforming it into a tool of government for exceptional and (more frequently) non-exceptional times.

中文翻译：

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围城状态的奥斯曼变体：theidare-i örfiyyedu 在第一个宪政时期的发明

本文重点关注奥斯曼帝国第一个宪政时期鲜为人知的方面：引入idare-i örfiyye（相当于戒严状态）纳入奥斯曼法律体系。其名称植根于奥斯曼法律传统，其定义明显受到 19 世纪法国“围攻之战，“ 这idare-i örfiyye这是一个法律混合的案例，将奥斯曼的政治和法律传统与跨国（或跨帝国）法律流通相结合。本文试图了解如何以及为何将不同的法律参考结合起来，以便在特殊情况下暂停普通法律秩序。同时，分析了该技术的首次应用。idare-i örfiyye，发生在 1877 年至 1878 年的俄土战争期间，以表明当地和外交对这种特殊事态的反应对于进一步定义这一概念至关重要。通过对法律文本和档案文件的批判性方法，本文讨论了各种法律来源、哈米德早期统治的政治背景和当地经验如何塑造了idare-i örfiyye，很快将其转变为特殊时期和（更频繁地）非特殊时期的政府工具。