Abstract The “Urban Agriculture Europe” EU COST-Action (2012–2016) has shown that the complexity of urban agriculture (UA) is hardly compressible into classic business management models and has proposed new management models, such as the Business Model Canvas (BMC). Business models of UA have to be different from rural ones. In particular, factors such as differentiation and diversification, but also low cost-oriented specialisation, are characteristic and necessary business models for UA to stay profitable in the long term under challenging city conditions. This paper aims to highlight how farm enterprises have to adjust to urban conditions by stepping into appropriate business models aiming to stay competitive and profitable, and how the BMC is useful to analyse their organisation and performance, both economically and socially. The paper offers an inter-regional analysis of UA enterprises located in Spain, Italy, and Germany, which are further subdivided into: local food, leisure, educational, social, therapeutic, agri-environmental, cultural heritage and experimental farms. The analysis demonstrates that UA is differentially adjusted to specific urban conditions and that the BMC is useful for analysing urban farming. Heterogeneous local food farms and the integration of local and organic food production in social farming business models are most frequent in our case studies.

中文翻译：

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都市农业中的商业模式：西班牙，意大利和德国案例研究的比较分析

摘要“欧洲城市农业”欧盟COST行动（2012-2016）表明，城市农业（UA）的复杂性很难压缩成经典的业务管理模型，并提出了新的管理模型，例如“业务模型画布（BMC）”。 ）。UA的商业模式必须不同于农村的商业模式。尤其是，差异化和多元化等因素，以及低成本导向的专业化等因素，都是UA在充满挑战的城市条件下长期保持盈利的特征和必要的商业模式。本文旨在强调农场企业如何通过进入旨在保持竞争力和利润的适当商业模式来适应城市条件，以及BMC如何在经济和社会上用于分析其组织和绩效。本文对位于西班牙，意大利和德国的UA企业进行了区域间分析，这些企业进一步细分为：本地食品，休闲，教育，社会，治疗，农业环境，文化遗产和实验农场。该分析表明，UA已针对特定的城市条件进行了差异化调整，BMC可用于分析城市农业。在我们的案例研究中，最常见的是本地异类食品农场以及将本地和有机食品生产整合到社会农业商业模式中。该分析表明，UA已针对特定的城市条件进行了差异化调整，BMC可用于分析城市农业。在我们的案例研究中，最常见的是异构本地食品农场以及将本地和有机食品生产整合到社会农业商业模式中。该分析表明，UA已针对特定的城市条件进行了差异化调整，BMC可用于分析城市农业。在我们的案例研究中，最常见的是本地异类食品农场以及将本地和有机食品生产整合到社会农业商业模式中。