This article focuses on the development of early modern consumerism in a part of the Middle East that historians of consumer culture are yet to fully explore. Making use of a wide variety of unexplored and underexplored original sources, the article contends that early modern consumer culture in Iran was grounded deeply in the ever-widening patterns of exchange and use that had developed slowly over the course of the previous centuries. The discussion below takes the growing popular interest in a few key psychoactive substances as a useful barometer of the dynamics of mass consumption, and chronicles how the slow and ever-expanding use of alcohol, opium, and cannabis (or a cannabis-like product) in the medieval period led to the popularity of coffee, tobacco, older drugs, and still other commodities in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The aim here is to use the history of drug culture as an entry point to scrutinize the emergence of early modern consumerism among the elites and the non-elites in both urban and rural areas of the Middle East. In doing so, this article reconstructs the cultural and social history of recreational drugs prior to and during the early modern period, and elucidates the socio-economic context that helped bring about a ‘psychoactive revolution’ in the Safavid state (1501–1736).

中文翻译：

---

医治身体和激发灵魂：中世纪和现代早期伊朗的毒品和消费文化

本文重点关注消费文化历史学家尚未充分探索的中东地区早期现代消费主义的发展。文章利用各种未开发和未充分开发的原始资源，认为伊朗早期的现代消费文化深深植根于在过去几个世纪中缓慢发展的不断扩大的交换和使用模式。下面的讨论将人们对一些关键精神活性物质日益增长的兴趣作为衡量大众消费动态的有用晴雨表，并记录了酒精、鸦片和大麻（或类似大麻的产品）的缓慢和不断扩大的使用在中世纪时期，咖啡、烟草、旧药和其他商品在 16 世纪和 17 世纪的流行。这里的目的是以毒品文化的历史为切入点，审视中东城市和农村地区精英和非精英中早期现代消费主义的出现。在此过程中，本文重建了现代早期之前和期间消遣性毒品的文化和社会历史，并阐明了在萨法维王朝（1501-1736 年）促成“精神革命”的社会经济背景。