Based on quantitative and qualitative analysis of visual representations and written texts, this study argues that officers, civil officials, and urban professionals who came of age in the late Hamidian era adopted the mustache as an expression of a generational identification and a related self-consciously modern masculinity that defined itself against the bearded, Hamidian order. After 1908, when the instigators of the revolution and their supporters climbed up the social and political hierarchies, the mustache rose with them and became the facial ornament of the most powerful people in the empire. Considering the common association of the mustache with youth, its adoption as a marker of identification hints at the unsettling of longtime ageist hierarchies but also, at the durability and adaptability of gender ones.

中文翻译：

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在胡子下面：奥斯曼时代晚期的面部毛发修剪史

基于对视觉表示和书面文本的定量和定性分析，该研究认为，在哈米迪亚时代后期成年的官员，民政官员和城市专业人员采用了胡须，以此作为世代认同和相关自觉的表达。现代男子气概将自己定义为反对有胡子的哈密顿秩序。1908年后，当革命的发起者及其支持者爬上社会和政治等级制度时，胡须随他们一起升起，成为帝国中最有权势的人的面部装饰。考虑到胡须与青年之间的共同联系，采用胡须作为身份识别的标志既暗示了长期的年龄主义等级制度的不安，也暗示了性别等级制度的持久性和适应性。