Despite a large body of research suggesting that the built environment influences individual travel behavior, uncertainty remains about the true nature, size, and strength of any causal relationships between the built environment and travel behavior. Residential self-selection, the phenomenon whereby individuals or households select a residential area based on their transport attitudes, is a frequently proposed alternative explanation for the reported associations. To resolve the issue of residential self-selection, longitudinal studies are often recommended. In this paper, we argue that intervention study designs are insufficient to fully resolve the problem and that intervention studies on the built environment and travel behavior may still be biased by residential self-selection. The aim of this paper is to extend existing conceptualizations of the relationships between the built environment, travel behavior, and attitudes and to provide suggestions for how a causal relationship between the built environment and travel behavior may be ascertained with more accurate estimates of effect sizes. We discuss the complexities of determining causal effects in intervention studies with participants who relocate, and the biases that may occur. We illustrate the complexities by presenting extended conceptualizations. Based on these conceptualizations, we provide considerations for future research. We suggest repeating analyses with and without individuals who relocated during the study, and with and without statistical controls for residential relocation. Additional quantitative and qualitative analyses will be necessary to obtain more accurate effect size estimates and a better understanding of the causal relationships.

中文翻译：

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准实验和自然实验研究中的住宅自我选择：建筑环境与旅行行为之间关系的扩展概念

尽管有大量研究表明建筑环境会影响个人的出行行为，但建筑环境与出行行为之间因果关系的真实性质，大小和强度仍存在不确定性。居民自我选择，即个人或家庭根据其交通态度选择居住区的现象，是所报告协会经常提出的替代解释。为了解决住宅自我选择的问题，通常建议进行纵向研究。在本文中，我们认为，干预研究的设计不足以完全解决问题，而对居住环境和出行行为的干预研究仍可能因居住者的自我选择而产生偏差。本文的目的是扩展现有环境对建筑环境，旅行行为和态度之间关系的概念化，并为如何通过更准确的效果估计来确定建筑环境与旅行行为之间的因果关系提供建议。我们将讨论与参加调查的参与者进行干预研究时确定因果关系的复杂性，以及可能出现的偏见。我们通过介绍扩展的概念来说明复杂性。基于这些概念，我们为将来的研究提供了考虑。我们建议在研究期间是否有搬迁的个人以及是否有住宅搬迁的统计控制的情况下，重复分析。