OBJECTIVE Male adolescents exhibit greater impulsivity and externalizing symptomatology relative to female adolescents. Furthermore, externalizing symptomatology has been associated with greater alcohol use and differential anterior insula functioning. The current longitudinal study on adolescents examined whether activity in the anterior insula, when processing uncertain outcomes and representing risk, is directly associated with gender differences in later adolescent alcohol use frequency, as well as indirectly through externalizing symptomatology. METHOD Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined whether gender moderated these associations in a sample of 161 adolescents (53% male) with repeated annual measurements over 3 years. We monitored responding of a region implicated in risk processing during an economic lottery choice task involving uncertain outcomes. Self-reported externalizing symptomatology and alcohol use frequency were collected at all time points. RESULTS Results indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of anterior insula processing during the task at Time 1 on alcohol use at Time 3 through externalizing symptomatology at Time 2 for male, but not female, adolescents. Externalizing symptomatology predicted alcohol use for both male and female adolescents. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest gender differences in vulnerability to later alcohol use, specifically in terms of how a neurobiological susceptibility to risk insensitivity may disproportionately influence male adolescents' externalizing symptomatology. Male adolescents who do not effectively integrate risk-related signals are likely to engage in externalizing behaviors, which in turn are related to later alcohol use. Findings also suggest differential roles of risk-related brain function that contribute to gendered pathways to adolescent health-risk behaviors.

中文翻译：

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孤岛风险处理可通过外在途径预测男性青少年饮酒

目的相对于女性青少年，男性青少年表现出更大的冲动性和外在症状。此外，外在的症状学与更多的酒精使用和不同的前岛绝缘功能有关。当前对青少年的纵向研究检查了当处理不确定的结果并代表风险时，前岛绝缘的活动是否与以后的青少年饮酒频率中的性别差异直接相关，以及是否通过外部症状学间接地与性别相关。方法使用功能磁共振成像，我们检查了性别是否在161名青少年（男53％的男性）样本中进行了调适，并在3年​​中进行了年度重复测量。在涉及不确定结果的经济彩票选择任务中，我们监控了涉及风险​​处理的区域的响应。在所有时间点收集自我报告的外在症状和饮酒频率。结果结果表明，在男性和女性青少年中，通过外部化症状在时间2的症状，在时间1的任务中前绝缘处理对时间3的饮酒有显着的间接影响。外在的症状学预测男性和女性青少年都会饮酒。结论研究结果表明性别差异在以后饮酒的易感性方面，特别是在对风险不敏感的神经生物学敏感性如何可能不成比例地影响男性青少年的外在症状方面。未有效整合与风险相关的信号的男性青少年可能会进行外在化行为，这又与以后的饮酒有关。研究结果还表明，与风险相关的脑功能的不同作用有助于导致青少年健康风险行为的性别途径。