Successive wars and the establishment of a border between the kingdom of Burma and British India in the nineteenth century challenged Burmese conceptions of sovereignty and political space. This essay investigates how European, and more specifically Anglo-American, notions of race, nation, and consular protection to nationals, progressively informed the Burmese concepts of ‘categories of people’ (lumyo) and ‘subject’ (kyun). First, I present the semantic evolution of these concepts in the 1820s–1830s, following the annexation of the western Burmese province of Arakan by British India in 1824. Then, I argue that the Burmese concept of lumyo was progressively associated with the European concept of ‘nations’ in the 1850s–1860s, following the annexation of Lower Burma in 1852. Finally, I uncover developments in the 1870s, when British consular protection extended to several freshly categorised ‘nations’, such as Shan, Karenni, and Kachin.

中文翻译：

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绘制 19 世纪缅甸的民族地图：当“人的类别”（lumyo）变成“民族”时

连续的战争以及 19 世纪缅甸王国和英属印度之间边界的建立对缅甸的主权和政治空间概念提出了挑战。这篇文章探讨了欧洲人，更具体地说是英美人的种族、民族和对国民的领事保护的概念，是如何逐渐影响到缅甸的“人的类别”概念的（卢米奥）和“主题”（君）. 首先，我介绍了在 1824 年英属印度吞并缅甸西部若开省之后，这些概念在 1820 年代至 1830 年代的语义演变。然后，我认为缅甸的概念卢米奥在 1852 年吞并下缅甸之后，在 1850 年代至 1860 年代逐渐与欧洲的“民族”概念相关联。最后，我发现了 1870 年代的发展，当时英国领事保护扩展到几个新分类的“民族”，例如Shan、卡伦尼和克钦。