Studies on the international history of fourteenth-century Singapore have been hitherto limited to external trade conducted by local inhabitants, and material consumption patterns that this trade enabled them to develop. Broader regional cultural influences have been postulated though not clearly demonstrated, given scant textual records and limited material culture remains. This article seeks to examine the external influences, adaptation and assimilation in the production and consumption of fourteenth-century Singapore. In particular, it looks at three aspects of Singapore's pre-colonial existence — modes of economic production, patterns of consumption of international products, and the articulation of high culture vis-à-vis external entities. By examining available archaeological, epigraphic, art historical and cartographic data from the fourteenth through the nineteenth centuries, this article postulates how distinct consumption patterns may have developed among different riverside populations living north of the Singapore River. This study also questions the common view that Singapore developed as a cosmopolitan port-city only after the advent of British colonialism, demonstrating that its diversity and openness was likely a feature centuries before.

中文翻译：

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区域影响、经济适应和文化表达：14 世纪新加坡的多样性和世界主义

迄今为止，对 14 世纪新加坡国际历史的研究仅限于当地居民进行的对外贸易，以及这种贸易使他们能够发展的物质消费模式。鉴于文字记录稀少和物质文化遗存有限，人们假设了更广泛的区域文化影响，但并未得到明确证明。本文旨在探讨 14 世纪新加坡生产和消费中的外部影响、适应和同化。特别是，它着眼于新加坡前殖民时期存在的三个方面——经济生产模式、国际产品的消费模式以及高雅文化与外部实体的结合。通过检查可用的考古、碑文、从 14 世纪到 19 世纪的艺术历史和制图数据，本文假设居住在新加坡河以北的不同河滨人口之间可能形成了不同的消费模式。这项研究还质疑新加坡只是在英国殖民主义出现后才发展成为国际性港口城市的普遍观点，表明其多样性和开放性可能是几个世纪前的一个特征。