International conventions and domestic laws have been enacted to prevent, punish and eradicate violence against women worldwide. However, these progressive policy initiatives have faced opposition in contentious contexts where policy rivals have contested their creation and implementation. Existing scholarship focuses primarily on progressive networks that have led to policy advances, such as violence against women (VAW) policies, while emerging literature has noted their limited impact and implementation. However, there is scant attention paid to one major underlying cause of limited impact and problematic implementation: that there is sustained opposition to these policies by policy rivals that resist and undermine progressive policies. We identify opponents and entrenched opposition to VAW laws in Mexico and Nicaragua in the 1990s and 2010s. We also identify how these opponents leverage ties with the state and utilise ‘family discourse’, framing progressives as anti-family, as strategies and mechanisms for stunting and even reversing VAW laws.

中文翻译：

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妇女的权利和反对：解释在有争议的背景下对妇女的渐进式暴力政策的缓慢上升和突然逆转

已经颁布了国际公约和国内法，以防止、惩罚和消除全世界对妇女的暴力行为。然而，这些进步的政策举措在政策竞争对手对其创造和实施提出质疑的有争议的背景下面临反对。现有的学术研究主要关注导致政策进步的进步网络，例如暴力侵害妇女 (VAW) 政策，而新兴文献则指出其影响和实施有限。然而，很少有人注意到影响有限和实施有问题的一个主要根本原因：反对和破坏进步政策的政策对手持续反对这些政策。我们确定了 1990 年代和 2010 年代墨西哥和尼加拉瓜对 VAW 法律的反对者和根深蒂固的反对意见。