This article enhances our understanding of the development and dynamism of early modern witch stereotypes by focusing on the stereotype of the witch-cleric, the Christian minister imagined by early modern people as working for the devil instead of God, baptizing people into witchcraft, working harmful magic and even officiating at witches’ gatherings. I show how this stereotype first developed in relation to Catholic clerics in demonology, print culture and witch-trials, then examine its emergence in relation to Protestant clerics in Germany and beyond, using case studies of pastors from the Lutheran territory of Rothenburg ob der Tauber from 1639 and 1692 to explore these ideas in detail. I also offer a broader comparison of beliefs about Protestant witch-clerics and their susceptibility to formal prosecution with their Catholic counterparts in early modern Germany, showing that cases involving Protestant witch-clerics were part of a cross-confessional phenomenon that is best understood in a comparative, Europe-wide perspective. In addition to showing how the witch-cleric stereotype changed over time and spread geographically, I conclude by arguing that three distinct variants of this stereotype had emerged by the seventeenth century: the Catholic ‘witch-priest’ and Protestant ‘witch-pastor’ (who were supposedly witches themselves) and the overzealous clerical ‘witch-master’, who was thought to do the devil’s work by helping persecute innocent people for witchcraft. Despite these stereotypes, however, relatively few clerics of either confession were tried and executed as witches; overall, patriarchy worked to protect men of the cloth from the worst excesses of witch persecution.

中文翻译：

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十七世纪路德教背景下的巫师刻板印象*

本文通过聚焦女巫的刻板印象，增强我们对早期现代女巫刻板印象的发展和活力的理解，女巫神职人员被早期现代人想象为为魔鬼工作而不是为上帝工作，将人们施洗为巫术，工作有害魔法，甚至主持女巫的聚会。我展示了这种刻板印象最初是如何与恶魔学、印刷文化和女巫审判中的天主教神职人员相关的，然后通过对来自 Rothenburg ob der Tauber 的路德会领土的牧师的案例研究来检验它与德国及其他地区的新教神职人员的关系从 1639 年和 1692 年开始详细探讨这些想法。我还提供了更广泛的关于新教女巫神职人员的信仰及其与现代早期德国的天主教同行相比，他们对正式起诉的敏感性的比较，表明涉及新教女巫神职人员的案件是交叉忏悔现象的一部分，最好在比较，欧洲范围的观点。除了展示女巫神职人员的刻板印象如何随着时间的推移而改变并在地理上传播之外，我还论证了这种刻板印象的三种不同变体在 17 世纪出现了：天主教“女巫-牧师”和新教“女巫-牧师”（据说他们自己是女巫）和过分热心的牧师“巫师”，他们被认为是通过帮助以巫术迫害无辜的人来做魔鬼的工作。然而，尽管有这些刻板印象，相对较少的两种教派的神职人员被当作女巫审判和处决；总体而言，父权制致力于保护有色人种免受最严重的女巫迫害。