This article examines ambivalence—the simultaneous holding of two or more conflicting values or beliefs about a political issue—among Indonesian citizens’ attitudes about vote buying. Using an original survey taken during the 2014 Indonesian elections, we analyse the factors related both to citizens’ normative views about vote buying and their willingness to accept gifts from candidates. A large number of citizens demonstrate ambivalence by viewing the practice as unjustified or corrupt and yet expressing willingness to accept money from candidates. We also examine the differential effects of education and income on these attitudes. Consistent with “demand side” theories of vote buying, low income creates economic pressure to accept money but does not influence normative attitudes about vote buying. Education, however, has a broader effect by influencing both normative attitudes and willingness to accept money. We consider implications of these results for Indonesian officials focused on reducing vote-buying behavior.

中文翻译：

---

一致性和投票购买：收入、教育和对印度尼西亚购买投票的态度

本文研究了印度尼西亚公民对购买选票的态度中的矛盾心理——同时持有两种或多种相互冲突的价值观或信念。我们使用在 2014 年印度尼西亚选举期间进行的原始调查，分析了与公民对购买选票的规范看法以​​及他们接受候选人礼物的意愿相关的因素。许多公民表现出矛盾心理，认为这种做法不合理或腐败，但表示愿意接受候选人的钱。我们还研究了教育和收入对这些态度的不同影响。与购买选票的“需求方”理论相一致，低收入会产生接受金钱的经济压力，但不会影响有关购买选票的规范态度。然而，教育，通过影响规范态度和接受金钱的意愿，产生更广泛的影响。我们考虑这些结果对专注于减少投票购买行为的印度尼西亚官员的影响。