In 1578, at the behest of Syriac Maronite Patriarch Mihail ar-Ruzzy, Pope Gregory XIII sent three Jesuits to Lebanon to assist the Maronites in ecclesiastical reform. However, the mission’s superior, Tommaso Raggio, desired to leave Lebanon, insulted Mihail, and did little to help the Maronites. Within a year of arriving, Raggio was recalled. The mission’s failure due to Raggio’s actions, especially when compared to subsequent successful missions, illuminates three aspects of Catholic missionary activity. First, missionaries and their superiors had to agree on a given mission’s specific objectives. Second, successful missions required missionaries who understood the world in which they found themselves. Third, evangelization was a negotiated process between the clergy and the faithful that often hinged on whether communities felt that missionaries were serving their needs. These three issues point to early modern missionary Catholicism’s need to be conciliatory rather than rigid in its evangelizing and reform efforts.

中文翻译：

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1577-1579 年失败的耶稣会马龙派传教团的任性领导和改革失败

1578 年，在叙利亚马龙派宗主教 Mihail ar-Ruzzy 的授意下，教宗额我略十三世派遣三名耶稣会士前往黎巴嫩协助马龙派进行教会改革。然而，任务的上司托马索·拉吉奥想要离开黎巴嫩，侮辱了米哈伊尔，并没有帮助马龙派教徒。在抵达后的一年内，拉吉奥被召回。由于拉吉奥的行为而导致的传教失败，特别是与随后的成功传教相比，说明了天主教传教活动的三个方面。首先，传教士和他们的上级必须就特定传教士的具体目标达成一致。其次，成功的宣教需要宣教士了解他们所处的世界。第三，福传是神职人员和信徒之间的协商过程，通常取决于社区是否认为传教士正在满足他们的需求。这三个问题表明早期现代传教士天主教在其传福音和改革努力中需要和解而不是僵化。