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A Chemical Compound in a Capitalist Commodity Chain: The Production, Distribution and Industrial Use of Alum in the Mediterranean and the Textile Centers of the Low Countries (Thirteenth-Sixteenth Centuries)
Journal of Early Modern History ( IF 0.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-08-03 , DOI: 10.1163/15700658-12342574
Jan Dumolyn 1 , Bart Lambert 2
Affiliation  

According to Immanuel Wallerstein, the sixteenth century saw the emergence of a capitalist world economy in which labor was organized on a global scale, and the production, distribution and use of goods and services were integrated across national boundaries. This article argues that, though exceptional, an integrated, hegemonic division of labor on an international scale did occur before 1500. Adopting one of Wallerstein’s conceptual tools, the commodity chain approach, it analyzes the production, distribution and industrial use of alum, a chemical compound, from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries. The high-quality cloth industry of the Low Countries, the most prominent artisanal sector of the period in Europe, strongly relied on alum as a mordant to fix colors. Yet the best varieties of alum could only be won in Asia Minor until the middle of the fifteenth century and in central Italy after 1450. The combination of the inflexible demand structure and the mineral’s limited supply resulted in the creation of commodity chains that crossed national and even continental boundaries and allowed those in control of the alum mines to establish exactly those dependency relations that were particular to Wallerstein’s world economy of the sixteenth century. If the aim is to study the conditions in which economic actors lived and worked and the ways in which they organized their labor, a focus on the production contexts of specific commodities, rather than on comprehensive world systems, might therefore be more revealing.

中文翻译:

资本主义商品链中的化合物:地中海和低地国家的纺织中心明矾的生产、分配和工业使用(13-16 世纪)

根据伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦 (Immanuel Wallerstein) 的说法,16 世纪出现了资本主义世界经济,其中劳动力在全球范围内组织起来,商品和服务的生产、分配和使用跨越国界进行整合。本文认为,虽然例外,但在 1500 年之前确实发生了国际范围内的综合、霸权分工。 采用沃勒斯坦的概念工具之一,商品链方法,它分析了明矾的生产、分配和工业用途,明矾是一种化学品从十三世纪到十六世纪的化合物。低地国家的高品质布业是欧洲当时最突出的手工业部门,强烈依赖明矾作为媒染剂来固定颜色。然而,最好的明矾品种只能在 15 世纪中叶之前在小亚细亚和 1450 年之后在意大利中部获得。不灵活的需求结构和矿产有限的供应相结合,导致了跨越国家和地区的商品链的产生。甚至大陆边界,并允许控制明矾矿的人准确地建立那些特定于 16 世纪沃勒斯坦世界经济的依赖关系。如果目的是研究经济参与者的生活和工作条件以及他们组织劳动的方式,那么关注特定商品的生产背景而不是综合的世界体系可能更具启发性。不灵活的需求结构和矿产有限的供应相结合,导致了跨越国家甚至大陆边界的商品链的产生,并允许控制铝矿的人准确地建立那些特定于沃勒斯坦的世界经济的依赖关系。十六世纪。如果目的是研究经济参与者的生活和工作条件以及他们组织劳动的方式,那么关注特定商品的生产背景而不是综合的世界体系可能更具启发性。不灵活的需求结构和矿产有限的供应相结合,导致了跨越国家甚至大陆边界的商品链的产生,并允许控制铝矿的人准确地建立那些特定于沃勒斯坦的世界经济的依赖关系。十六世纪。如果目的是研究经济参与者的生活和工作条件以及他们组织劳动的方式,那么关注特定商品的生产背景而不是综合的世界体系可能更具启发性。
更新日期:2018-08-03
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