This article examines the brutal massacre of up to six hundred Spanish and Italian papal troops on the order of the English Lord Deputy Arthur Grey, 14th Baron de Wilton (1536–1593), at Dún An Óir (Forto del Oro), Smerwick, County Kerry, on 10 November 1580. The article investigates the relationship between the religious and juridical rationales for the massacre, shedding new light on the broader relationship between the early modern law of nations, Protestantism, and what Brendan Bradshaw has characterized as “catastrophic violence” in the Elizabethan military conquest of Ireland. While Vincent Carey has emphasized the virulently anti-Catholic character of Grey's rationales for the massacre, my argument instead emphasizes the role of the received laws of nations and of war in justifying Grey's actions both to Queen Elizabeth I (1533–1603) and to the English public, from the period immediately following the massacre until the writing of Edmund Spenser's pro-Grey apologetic, A View of the Present State of Ireland (ca. 1596). On this view, the papal troops at Smerwick were considered brigands, pirates, or, in Marcus Tullius Cicero's words, “communis hostis omnium”—a common enemy to all—and enjoyed no standing as lawful enemies under the law of nations. In the sixteenth century, the established law of nations was hardly a seamless web but manifested significant cleavages and fissures allowing for the construction of localized spheres of legal exception in which the ordinary rules of warfare did not apply, thus providing a convenient juridical rationale for atrocity.

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“Communis Hostis Omnium”：Smerwick 大屠杀（1580 年）和万国法

本文探讨了在斯默威克郡 Dún An Óir (Forto del Oro) 的英国副勋爵 Arthur Grey、第 14 代威尔顿男爵 (1536-1593) 的命令下，多达 600 名西班牙和意大利教皇军队的残酷屠杀克里，1580 年 11 月 10 日。这篇文章调查了大屠杀的宗教和法律理由之间的关系，为早期现代国际法、新教和布伦丹·布拉德肖所描述的“灾难性暴力”之间更广泛的关系提供了新的视角在伊丽莎白时代对爱尔兰的军事征服中。虽然文森特·凯里强调了格雷对大屠杀的理由的恶毒反天主教特征，但我的论点却强调了公认的国际法和战争法在为格雷辩护中的作用爱尔兰现状（约 1596 年）。根据这种观点，斯麦威克的教皇部队被视为强盗、海盗，或者用马库斯·图利乌斯·西塞罗的话来说，“communis hostis omium”——所有人的共同敌人——在国际法下不享有合法敌人的地位。在 16 世纪，既定的国际法几乎不是一个无缝的网络，而是显示出明显的裂痕和裂痕，允许构建局部的法律例外范围，在这些范围内，普通的战争规则并不适用，从而为暴行提供了方便的法律依据.