Having reviewed the measurement methods and empirically evaluated the size of the shadow economy and labor force from a cross-national perspective, the final part of the book sets forth ways of tackling the shadow economy and its labor force. Williams and Schneider argue that most governments adopt the ‘hard’ compliance approach – that is, detecting and punishing noncompliance. The goal of the hardline compliance approach is to trigger behavioral changes on the part of participants of the shadow economy in order to move it into the formal economy; in other words, suppress the shadow economy and its labor force. However, as Williams and Schneider correctly point out later, participants in the shadow economy should not be considered pure rational economic actors whose behaviors are only guided by cost–benefit analyses. Policy makers and practitioners need to take full consideration on the institutional asymmetry between the formal and shadow economies, and adopt ‘soft’ approaches instead of hard ones, including ways to reform both formal and informal institutions. Overall, the book weaves empirical evidence with theoretical underpinnings, and provides thoughtful political discussions on ways to appropriately address the shadow economy. It synthesizes the most up-to-date research advancements on the shadow economy from multiple disciplines, including economics, sociology, public policy, human resource management, and organizational behavior. Throughout the book, Williams and Schneider dispel several myths about formal and shadow economies, and this is vividly demonstrated in Figures 6.1 and 7.1, where the economies and employment relationships are rated on a 0 to 10 scale, ranging from ‘wholly formal’ to ‘wholly shadow.’ It is these subtle and detailed descriptions found throughout the book that constantly remind readers about the complexities of the issue. Students, scholars, policy makers, and practitioners who are interested in the shadow economy will find the book insightful as it provides a comprehensive overview of existing theories, methods, and policies and the shadow economy and its labor force from a cross-national perspective. Because the book adopts a cross-national perspective, by default it leaves many national or regional-specific issues untouched. Therefore, readers in particular nations or regions, especially in the non-European context, may find it necessary to search for additional readings after finishing Williams and Schneider’s book.

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评论：Jörg Wiegratz，新自由主义道德经济：乌干达的资本主义、社会文化变革和欺诈WiegratzJörg，新自由主义道德经济：乌干达的资本主义、社会文化变革和欺诈，Rowman 和 Littlefield：Lanham，医学博士，2016 年；368 页：ISBN 9781783488544，£31.95 (pbk)

在回顾了测量方法并从跨国角度对影子经济和劳动力的规模进行实证评估后，本书的最后一部分阐述了应对影子经济及其劳动力的方法。威廉姆斯和施耐德认为，大多数政府采用“硬”合规方法——即发现和惩罚违规行为。强硬合规方法的目标是引发影子经济参与者的行为改变，以便将其转变为正规经济；换言之，打压影子经济及其劳动力。然而，正如威廉姆斯和施耐德后来正确指出的那样，影子经济的参与者不应被视为纯粹理性的经济参与者，其行为仅受成本收益分析的指导。政策制定者和从业者需要充分考虑正规经济和影子经济之间的制度不对称问题，采取“软”方法而不是硬方法，包括对正规和非正规机构进行改革。总体而言，这本书将经验证据与理论基础交织在一起，并就适当解决影子经济的方法提供了深思熟虑的政治讨论。它综合了多个学科对影子经济的最新研究进展，包括经济学、社会学、公共政策、人力资源管理和组织行为学。在整本书中，威廉姆斯和施耐德消除了关于正规经济和影子经济的几个神话，这在图 6.1 和图 7.1 中得到了生动的展示，其中经济和雇佣关系按 0 到 10 的等级评定，范围从“完全正式”到“完全影子”。正是这些贯穿全书的微妙而详细的描述，不断提醒读者这个问题的复杂性。对影子经济感兴趣的学生、学者、政策制定者和从业者会发现这本书很有见地，因为它从跨国角度全面概述了现有的理论、方法和政策以及影子经济及其劳动力。由于本书采用了跨国视角，因此默认情况下它没有触及许多国家或地区特定的问题。因此，特定国家或地区的读者，尤其是在非欧洲语境中，