In Sacred and Secular (2011 [2004]) Norris and Inglehart argued that improvements in material living conditions and higher degrees of existential security lead to a decline in religiousness both on the macro-level of the comparison between countries and on the individual level. Since then, a number of studies have examined this relationship and confirmed the assumptions of the existential security thesis. This article revisits this thesis using data from the sixth wave of the World Values Survey (2010–2014). The multi-level analysis reveals two key results. Consistent with previous studies, a strong correlation was found between better life conditions and lower levels of religiousness on the macro-level. Individual life conditions and threatening experiences, however, have only a very small impact on religiousness. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between macro-level and micro-level results are discussed in the final section.

中文翻译：

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宗教与生存不安全：宏观和微观层面的跨国比较分析

在 Sacred and Secular (2011 [2004]) 中，Norris 和 Inglehart 认为，物质生活条件的改善和更高程度的生存安全导致宗教信仰在国家之间比较的宏观层面和个人层面下降。从那以后，许多研究检验了这种关系并证实了存在安全论的假设。本文使用第六次世界价值观调查（2010-2014）的数据重新审视了这篇论文。多层次分析揭示了两个关键结果。与之前的研究一致，在宏观层面上，人们发现更好的生活条件和较低的宗教信仰水平之间存在很强的相关性。然而，个人生活状况和威胁性经历对宗教信仰的影响很小。