Carbon capture and storage (CCS) refers to a set of technologies that allow for the separation of CO2 from different substances and its subsequent storage, generally in different types of geological formations. It is part of the ‘end-of-pipe’ solutions, which means that it can be added to already existing infrastructures without major changes, such as oil and gas exploitation, where it has been used for some time with success, in power or production plants of many kinds. In short, CCS-technologies allow for a reduction of emissions of CO2 – they are stored instead of emitted. This makes them of interest in the United Nations climate regime of the last few years. However, CCS-technologies – with the exception of enhanced oil/gas recovery – are expansive and depend on support from the state or public–private partnerships. CCS-technologies received wide attention after the signing of Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change (1997), which went into effect in 2005, and its instruments to reduce CO2 emissions. An important element of the Kyoto Protocol are the tradable certified emission reduction units (CERs), which are based on national emissions in 1990 and can be created via certain instruments and bought or sold as necessary. Thus, if a national economy produces more emissions now than it did in 1990, it will have to create or buy CERs. CERs can be created via a clean development mechanism (CDM), a flexible mechanism of environmental protection, that is put into practice in countries in the Global South (non-Annex-B countries). The integration of CCS-technologies into the CDM was highly controversial and was discussed at the Conference of Parties (COP) at the UN Climate Change Conference (UNCCC) from COP 13 (in 2007) through COP 15 (in 2009). These discussions led to an integration in 2010. This discussion drew on a 831637 ISS0010.1177/0268580919831637International Sociology ReviewsReviews: Environmental sociology review-article2019

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评论：环境社会学

碳捕集与封存 (CCS) 是指一套技术，可将 CO2 从不同物质中分离出来并进行后续封存，通常在不同类型的地质构造中。它是“管道末端”解决方案的一部分，这意味着它可以添加到现有的基础设施中而无需进行重大更改，例如石油和天然气开采，在那里它已成功使用一段时间，在电力或多种生产设备。简而言之，CCS 技术可以减少二氧化碳的排放——它们被储存而不是排放。这使他们对过去几年的联合国气候制度产生了兴趣。然而，CCS 技术——除了提高石油/天然气采收率——是广泛的，并且依赖于国家或公私合作伙伴关系的支持。在 2005 年生效的《京都气候变化议定书》（1997 年）签署后，CCS 技术及其减少二氧化碳排放的工具受到了广泛关注。《京都议定书》的一个重要元素是可交易的核证减排量 (CER)，它基于 1990 年的国家排放量，可以通过某些工具创建并根据需要购买或出售。因此，如果一个国民经济现在产生的排放量比 1990 年多，它就必须创造或购买 CER。CERs 可以通过清洁发展机制 (CDM) 产生，这是一种灵活的环境保​​护机制，在全球南方国家（非附件 B 国家）实施。将 CCS 技术整合到 CDM 中引起了极大的争议，并在联合国气候变化大会 (UNCCC) 的缔约方大会 (COP) 上进行了讨论，从 COP 13（2007 年）到 COP 15（2009 年）。这些讨论导致了 2010 年的整合。该讨论借鉴了 831637 ISS0010.1177/0268580919831637 国际社会学评论评论：环境社会学评论文章2019