There is emerging evidence that restrictive land use practices can misallocate economic activity across space and generate significant costs for regional and national economies. Work in this area has considered how land use regulations affect the supply of housing within, and the efficient migration of workers among, regions. According to some estimates, by restricting migration to the most productive regions in the United States, land use regulations generate an annual cost to the economy of up to US$1.95 trillion or 13.6 percent of gross domestic product. Yet this focus on labor migration provides an insufficient framework for understanding how land use regulations can shape economic performance. First, current approaches minimize the costs that could arise if firms and industries are misallocated across space. Second, current work overlooks the costs that might arise if land use restrictions misallocate economic activity within regions. Land use regulations can generate significant costs when their administration is designed to maximize the welfare of individual communities rather than the economies of regions and nations. This article will evaluate current research into, and provide a more complete assessment of, the welfare costs associated with restrictive land use practices.

中文翻译：

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限制性土地使用规定和经济绩效

越来越多的证据表明，限制性土地使用做法可能会在整个空间内分配不当的经济活动，并给区域和国家经济带来巨大的成本。该领域的工作已经考虑了土地使用法规如何影响区域内住房的供应以及区域之间工人的有效迁移。据估计，通过限制移民到美国生产力最高的地区，土地使用法规每年给经济造成的费用高达1.95万亿美元，占国内生产总值的13.6％。然而，这种对劳务移民的关注为了解土地使用法规如何影响经济绩效提供了不足的框架。首先，当前的方法可以最大程度地降低如果企业和行业在空间上分配不当可能产生的成本。第二，当前的工作忽略了如果土地使用限制在区域内分配经济活动可能产生的成本。如果土地管理法规旨在最大程度地提高单个社区的福利，而不是地区和国家的经济，则可能会产生大量成本。本文将评估对限制性土地使用实践相关的福利成本的当前研究，并对其进行更全面的评估。