What determines how successful global civil society is in promoting international governance norms within nation-states? Studies attribute the varied effectiveness of civil action to the capacity of non-governmental groups and organizations, the nature of global regimes that generate such norms, domestic political landscapes, or combinations of these factors. Yet, empirical cases, analyzed in this article, suggest that global civil society may lose or gain in domestic effectiveness even when these determinants remain stable. Using primary and secondary data on Kyoto Protocol negotiations in Japan, Canada, and Australia, we argue that changes in the Kyoto stances of these three countries between 2005 and 2012 stemmed from the realignment of domestic political actors engaged in the contestation of the protocol alongside civil society. Our data reveal that exogenous natural and political events led to shifts in the positions of local political elites, media, and the energy industry. As a result, the pro-Kyoto coalition, headed by global civil society, either lost or gained in bargaining power vis-à-vis the counter-coalition. We, therefore, theorize realignment as a mechanism that connects exogenous events to the changing effectiveness of global civil society. Theoretically, our study emphasizes the importance of embedding civil action into its concrete socio-historical contexts and advocates for a process-oriented study of agentic social change.

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全球公民社会与京都的考验：理论延伸

什么决定了全球公民社会在促进民族国家内部国际治理规范方面的成功程度？研究将民事诉讼的不同有效性归因于非政府团体和组织的能力、产生此类规范的全球制度的性质、国内政治格局或这些因素的组合。然而，本文分析的实证案例表明，即使这些决定因素保持稳定，全球公民社会的国内效力也可能会失去或增加。使用日本、加拿大和澳大利亚京都议定书谈判的主要和次要数据，我们认为这三个国家在 2005 年至 2012 年期间京都立场的变化源于参与议定书争论的国内政治行为者与民事参与者的重新调整。社会。我们的数据显示，外生的自然和政治事件导致当地政治精英、媒体和能源行业的立场发生转变。结果，以全球公民社会为首的亲京都联盟在与反联盟的谈判中失去或获得了议价能力。因此，我们将重组理论化为一种将外生事件与全球公民社会不断变化的有效性联系起来的机制。从理论上讲，我们的研究强调将民事行动嵌入其具体的社会历史背景的重要性，并倡导以过程为导向的社会变革研究。对反联盟的议价能力要么失去要么获得。因此，我们将重组理论化为一种将外生事件与全球公民社会不断变化的有效性联系起来的机制。从理论上讲，我们的研究强调将民事行动嵌入其具体的社会历史背景的重要性，并倡导以过程为导向的社会变革研究。对反联盟的议价能力要么失去要么获得。因此，我们将重组理论化为一种将外生事件与全球公民社会不断变化的有效性联系起来的机制。从理论上讲，我们的研究强调将民事行动嵌入其具体的社会历史背景的重要性，并倡导以过程为导向的社会变革研究。