This study examines the relationship between gender ideology at the individual level, gender equality at the country level, and women and men’s experiences of work interference with family (WIF) and family interference with work (FIW). We use data from the 2012 International Social Survey Programme as well as the 2011 to 2015 Human Development Reports. Our sample consists of 24,547 respondents from 37 countries. Based on multilevel mixed-effects logistic models, we find that women are more likely than men to experience WIF and FIW. At the individual level, traditional gender ideology positively predicts WIF and FIW. Women and men who reside in more gender-unequal countries have a higher likelihood of FIW while men in these contexts also are more likely to experience WIF. Societal gender inequality is more consequential for those who hold less traditional gender ideology. In conclusion, gender egalitarianism at the individual level and gender equality at the country level are both associated with less WIF and FIW. Policies that seek to address work–family balance should incorporate measures to promote gender equality.

中文翻译：

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跨国视角下的性别平等和工作家庭冲突

本研究考察了个人层面的性别意识形态、国家层面的性别平等以及女性和男性工作干预家庭 (WIF) 和家庭干预工作 (FIW) 的经历之间的关系。我们使用来自 2012 年国际社会调查计划以及 2011 至 2015 年人类发展报告的数据。我们的样本包括来自 37 个国家的 24,547 名受访者。基于多级混合效应逻辑模型，我们发现女性比男性更有可能经历 WIF 和 FIW。在个人层面，传统的性别意识形态积极预测 WIF 和 FIW。居住在性别不平等程度更高的国家的女性和男性患 FIW 的可能性更高，而在这些情况下的男性也更有可能经历 WIF。对于那些持有较少传统性别意识形态的人来说，社会性别不平等更为重要。总之，个人层面的性别平等主义和国家层面的性别平等都与较少的 WIF 和 FIW 相关。旨在解决工作与家庭平衡问题的政策应包括促进性别平等的措施。