ABSTRACT Both foreign aid and sanctions are foreign policy tools to promote democracy. Yet, it is unclear how far incentives and coercion enhance democratization. Since sanctions and aid are often employed at the same time, the goal of this study is to determine their joint effect on democratization in target/recipient countries. We argue that sending democracy aid through civil society organizations enhances the effectiveness of sanctions as a democracy promotion tool because the civil society is empowered to introduce democratic changes. Thus, in addition to the top-down pressure on the target government created by sanctions, there is a bottom-up pressure exerted by the civil society. Our empirical results show that democratic sanctions by the European Union and the United States are more likely to have a positive effect when aid flows bypass the government. Conversely, aid channeled through the public sector mitigates the generally positive effect of sanctions on democracy. In order to estimate these joint effects, we employ a new comprehensive dataset on economic sanctions: the EUSANCT Dataset which integrates and updates existing databases on sanctions for the period between 1989 and 2015, merged with disaggregated OECD aid data and V-Dem democracy scores.

中文翻译：

---

通过对民间社会的援助扩大和消除民主制裁的影响

摘要外国援助和制裁都是促进民主的外交政策工具。但是，目前尚不清楚激励措施和强制措施在多大程度上促进了民主化。由于制裁和援助通常同时使用，因此本研究的目的是确定制裁对目标国家/受援国民主化的共同影响。我们认为，通过公民社会组织提供民主援助可增强制裁作为民主促进工具的有效性，因为公民社会有权进行民主变革。因此，除了制裁对目标政府施加的自上而下的压力之外，民间社会还施加了自下而上的压力。我们的经验结果表明，当援助资金绕过政府时，欧盟和美国的民主制裁更有可能产生积极影响。相反，通过公共部门提供的援助减轻了制裁对民主的总体积极影响。为了评估这些共同影响，我们使用了一个新的经济制裁综合数据集：EUSANCT数据集，该数据集整合并更新了1989年至2015年期间的现有制裁数据库，并与分类的OECD援助数据和V-Dem民主评分合并在一起。