This article uses Statistics Sweden’s full-population geo-coded register data for Swedish workers and their labour market moves, between 2010 and 2014, to analyse regional flow patterns of employees between manufacturing, general business services and knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). The findings generally show that labour flows between manufacturing and services have important bi-directional features, even with manufacturing generally declining. There is no staff exodus from manufacturing to services, but rather an exchange suggesting skill interdependencies, especially between high-tech manufacturing and KIBS. However, there are strong geographical dimensions to this, emphasising a reinforcement of the spatial division of labour patterns. In trend terms, the decline of manufacturing is rather similar across all regional types; however, business services are growing much faster in metropolitan regions. The labour flow between manufacturing and KIBS is more likely in metropolitan regions, but far more often additionally involves geographical mobility, either between or towards the metropolitan regions. Thus, the major challenge facing less dense and peripheral regions is not necessarily the decline of manufacturing per se, but that (a) the low levels of transition into business services are insufficient to make up for employment losses in manufacturing and (b) the fact that there is considerable out-migration of experienced and skilled workers from manufacturing, who are joining the growing numbers of business services in metropolitan regions.

中文翻译：

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制造业和商业服务业之间的区域劳动力流动：相互融合和不平衡的地理

本文使用瑞典统计局 2010 年至 2014 年期间瑞典工人及其劳动力市场变动的全人口地理编码登记数据，分析制造业、一般商业服务和知识密集型商业服务 (KIBS) 之间员工的区域流动模式。研究结果普遍表明，制造业和服务业之间的劳动力流动具有重要的双向特征，即使制造业普遍下降。没有从制造业到服务业的员工外流，而是一种表明技能相互依赖的交流，尤其是高科技制造业和 KIBS 之间的交流。然而，这有很强的地理维度，强调了劳动模式的空间分工。从趋势上看，所有区域类型的制造业衰退都相当相似；然而，大都市地区的商业服务增长得更快。制造业和 KIBS 之间的劳动力流动更有可能发生在大都市地区，但更多时候还涉及大都市地区之间或向大都市地区的地理流动。因此，人口密度较低和边缘地区面临的主要挑战不一定是制造业本身的衰退，而是 (a) 向商业服务业的低水平转型不足以弥补制造业的就业损失，以及 (b) 事实有大量经验丰富的技术工人从制造业向外迁移，他们加入了大都市地区越来越多的商业服务。制造业和 KIBS 之间的劳动力流动更有可能发生在大都市地区，但更多时候还涉及大都市地区之间或向大都市地区的地理流动。因此，人口密度较低和边缘地区面临的主要挑战不一定是制造业本身的衰退，而是 (a) 向商业服务业的低水平转型不足以弥补制造业的就业损失，以及 (b) 事实有大量经验丰富的技术工人从制造业向外迁移，他们加入了大都市地区越来越多的商业服务。制造业和 KIBS 之间的劳动力流动更有可能发生在大都市地区，但更多时候还涉及大都市地区之间或向大都市地区的地理流动。因此，人口密度较低和边缘地区面临的主要挑战不一定是制造业本身的衰退，而是 (a) 向商业服务业的低水平转型不足以弥补制造业的就业损失，以及 (b) 事实有大量经验丰富的技术工人从制造业向外迁移，他们加入了大都市地区越来越多的商业服务。