Sanctions restrict or terminate economic relations between two or more countries, directly and negatively influencing sanctioned countries’ companies. We argue that sanctions are similar to recessions—both reduce economic activity in affected countries. Less economic activity results in a lower accident risk as companies use their productive facilities less. Reduced revenues also force companies to adjust by cutting costs, which includes spending on safety. Hence, accident damage should increase under sanctions. Governments can intervene by enforcing safety regulations, and their incentives to do so are stronger in democracies, where citizens can more easily remove politicians from office. Therefore, accident damage increases only in nondemocratic countries, while democracies succeed in maintaining technological safety and hence sanctions do not affect accident damage.

中文翻译：

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制裁会带来灾难吗？经济制裁，政治机构和技术安全

制裁限制或终止两个或多个国家之间的经济关系，直接和负面地影响受制裁国家的公司。我们认为制裁类似于衰退-两者都会减少受影响国家的经济活动。较少的经济活动导致较低的事故风险，因为公司较少使用生产设施。收入减少还迫使公司通过削减成本进行调整，其中包括安全支出。因此，在制裁下事故损失应增加。政府可以通过执行安全法规进行干预，而在民主国家，这样做的动机更强，因为在民主国家中，公民可以更容易地将政治人物免职。因此，事故损失只会在非民主国家增加，