The impact of public service media (PSM) on media competition has become a topic of debate in many European countries. Some argue that PSM could starve commercial media, or discourage them from entering markets in the first place because they shrink commercial audiences, lowering both advertising income for free commercial television and willingness to pay for commercial products. Despite its prevalence as a policy argument, there has been limited research about the crowding out concept – and almost no research that is independent, comparative, and considers broadcasting as well as online markets. This article addresses these shortcomings by examining whether there is any evidence to support the crowding out argument by analysing national broadcast and online markets in all 28 European Union countries. More specifically, we focus on data on market resources, audience performance and payment for digital news. The analysis reveals little to no support for the crowding out argument for broadcasting and related online markets.

中文翻译：

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排挤：是否有证据表明公共服务媒体损害市场？商业电视和在线新闻提供商的跨国比较分析

公共服务媒体（PSM）对媒体竞争的影响已成为许多欧洲国家争论的话题。一些人认为 PSM 可能会使商业媒体挨饿，或者首先阻止他们进入市场，因为它们缩小了商业观众，降低了免费商业电视的广告收入和商业产品的支付意愿。尽管它作为政策论点盛行，但关于挤出概念的研究有限——几乎没有独立的、比较的、考虑广播和在线市场的研究。本文通过分析所有 28 个欧盟国家的国家广播和在线市场，检查是否有任何证据支持挤出论点来解决这些缺点。进一步来说，我们专注于市场资源、受众表现和数字新闻付费方面的数据。分析表明，对广播和相关在线市场的排挤论点几乎没有支持。