ABSTRACT On the southern Philippine island of Mindanao, scholars have documented a precarious land tenure, livelihood, and security situation for many smallholders. Agrarian political economy studies provide insightful analyses of the underlying causes of much poverty and violence on the island. Less attention has been given to cases of smallholder success. This article proposes that conditions for smallholder farming, even among ethnic minority groups, are more varied across the island than the literature suggests. In upland villages of north-central Mindanao, agrarian transition is a multi-directional process that produces different outcomes among households, kin groups, and villages. The main case study is a thriving mixed swidden and fixed field Maranao-Muslim farming village. Almost all the households in the village have successfully claimed land as their own and diversified and improved their livelihoods in recent times. To explain these positive outcomes, the article uses a relational approach and draws on anthropological literature on kinship, land tenure, and place to assess the bargaining power of smallholders in land deals. A stronger cross-fertilization of key insights in agrarian political economy and anthropological literature on kinship enriches the debate on agrarian transition in the southern Philippines.

中文翻译：

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菲律宾南部的农业转型：不仅仅是贫困、剥夺和暴力

摘要 在菲律宾南部棉兰老岛，学者们记录了许多小农不稳定的土地使用权、生计和安全状况。土地政治经济学研究为岛上许多贫困和暴力的根本原因提供了深刻的分析。对小农成功案例的关注较少。本文提出，小农农业的条件，即使是在少数民族群体中，在整个岛上也比文献表明的更加多样化。在棉兰老岛中北部的高地村庄，农业转型是一个多方向的过程，在家庭、亲属群体和村庄之间产生不同的结果。主要案例研究是一个蓬勃发展的混合田地和固定田地马拉瑙 - 穆斯林农村。近年来，村里几乎所有的家庭都成功地将土地归为自己的土地，并实现了多样化和改善了生计。为了解释这些积极的结果，本文使用了一种关系方法，并借鉴了有关亲属关系、土地使用权和地方的人类学文献来评估小农在土地交易中的议价能力。对农业政治经济学的关键见解和关于亲属关系的人类学文献进行更强有力的交叉融合，丰富了菲律宾南部关于农业转型的辩论。