ABSTRACT This article outlines the extracurricular work of education and language revitalization by two non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Pune, a city in the western Indian state of Maharashtra. It demonstrates how these NGOs respond to anxieties and fears of language shift, language death, and social change in ways that fill a gap in how connections of language to society are addressed in the formal education system in Pune. These NGOs recreate structures of hierarchies among socioeconomic classes in their work of language preservation, assigning to lower classes the task of maintaining Marathi as an everyday language and delegating the promotion of Marathi “high culture” forms such as the arts to the upper classes. The article illuminates ways in which Marathi use and language ideologies shape socioeconomic class identifications and how ideologies about language and language use take different forms based on needs defined through a socioeconomic class lens.

中文翻译：

---

多语种印度的母语激进主义和语言转变：马哈拉施特拉邦浦那的马拉地语

摘要 本文概述了两个非政府组织 (NGO) 在印度西部马哈拉施特拉邦城市浦那开展的教育和语言振兴课外工作。它展示了这些非政府组织如何应对语言转变、语言死亡和社会变革的焦虑和恐惧，以填补浦那正规教育系统如何解决语言与社会的联系方面的空白。这些非政府组织在他们的语言保护工作中重建了社会经济阶层之间的等级结构，将维护马拉地语作为日常语言的任务分配给下层阶级，并将促进马拉地语“高雅文化”形式（如艺术）委托给上层阶级。