ABSTRACT This article uncovers the Scottish Highlands’ earliest-known overseas slave-owning circle and the imperial entanglement with the Dutch Empire and its sugar on which this depended. It thus provides a case study of the transnational, Dutch-influenced nature of commerce in a non-metropolitan part of northern Europe in the later seventeenth century. The article highlights two interconnected contemporary developments: the engagement of Highland migrants or exiles in the sugar-based enslavement of African and indigenous populations in Suriname; the region’s heavy reliance on the importation of sugar with origins in the Dutch Atlantic plantations. In this way, the article illuminates both north Highland agency in the oppressions of the ‘triangular trade’, and its merchant community’s opting for Dutch over Lowland Scottish-refined sugar when supplying and encouraging local demand at that time. Taken together, this demonstrates the early enmeshment of the region in transnational ‘circuits’ of slave-owning and the interconnected seepage of sugar across broader sections of the northern European economy than previously considered. A Scottish Highland-led circle is shown to have grown prior to the formal creation of the British Empire, simultaneous with the commercial activity of Dutch Suriname-based sugar planter, Henry MacKintosh, who developed strong ties linking the colony with New England, Rotterdam, and his home burgh of Inverness.

中文翻译：

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糖，奴隶制，苏里南和1707年之前苏格兰高地的荷兰帝国纠缠

摘要本文揭示了苏格兰高地最早的海外奴隶拥有圈子，以及与荷兰帝国及其赖以生存的糖业之间的帝国纠缠。因此，它提供了一个案例研究，该案例研究了十七世纪后半叶在北欧非大​​都市地区受到荷兰影响的跨国贸易性质。文章强调了两个相互联系的当代发展：高地移民或流亡者参与苏里南以糖为基础的对非洲人和土著居民的奴役；该地区严重依赖进口糖，这些糖来自荷兰大西洋种植园。通过这种方式，本文阐明了北高地代理商在“三角贸易”的压迫下，当时，在供应和鼓励当地需求时，其商人社区选择荷兰语而不是低地苏格兰精制糖。综上所述，这表明该地区早日陷入奴隶所有制的跨国“循环”中，而糖在整个北欧经济范围内的相互渗透比以前认为的要渗透得多。苏格兰高地领导的圈子被证明在大英帝国正式建立之前就已经发展壮大，与此同时，荷兰苏里南制糖厂亨利·麦金托什（Henry MacKintosh）也在商业活动中发展，后者与殖民地与新英格兰，鹿特丹，和他的家因弗内斯堡。这证明了该地区早日陷入奴隶所有制的跨国“循环”中，以及比以前认为的更广泛的北欧经济中糖的相互渗透。苏格兰高地领导的圈子被证明在大英帝国正式建立之前就已经发展壮大，与此同时，荷兰苏里南制糖厂亨利·麦金托什（Henry MacKintosh）也在商业活动中发展，后者建立了牢固的联系，将殖民地与新英格兰，鹿特丹，和他的家因弗内斯堡。这表明该地区早日陷入了奴隶所有制的跨国“循环”中，并且与之前认为的相比，北欧经济中更广泛的部分相互渗透着糖分。苏格兰高地领导的圈子被证明在大英帝国正式建立之前就已经发展壮大，与此同时，荷兰苏里南制糖厂亨利·麦金托什（Henry MacKintosh）也在商业活动中发展，后者建立了牢固的联系，将殖民地与新英格兰，鹿特丹，和他的家因弗内斯堡。