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How the Big 4 got big: Audit culture and the metamorphosis of international accountancy firms
Critique of Anthropology ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2018-05-14 , DOI: 10.1177/0308275x18775815
Cris Shore 1 , Susan Wright 2
Affiliation  

New calculative techniques of management and accountancy are having a transformative effect on organisations, individuals and society. These processes are often associated with contemporary neoliberal capitalism, but what exactly is driving the proliferation of these measurement systems and how is this change actually occurring? We address these questions by exploring the history of the Big 4 international accountancy firms and their role in spreading audit culture and the rationalities of financial accountancy. Since the 1990s, the expansion of their remit from traditional auditing to a growing emphasis on consultancy services has increasingly blurred the boundary between their public watchdog role and their commercial interests. Combined with the changing values, career trajectories and ‘habitus’ of audit company professionals, and the weaknesses of self-regulation, this has resulted in problems for ethics and corporate social responsibility. Using ethnographic examples, we examine the metamorphosis that occurs as accountants, originally trained in the disciplines of financial probity, become more entrepreneurially oriented when they ascend to senior positions as company managers and partners. If the calculative practices of accountancy are central to modern forms of audit, we argue they are also transforming accountancy firms themselves into evermore calculative and financialised entities. We conclude by showing how the post-1990s shift from auditing to advisory services leads these companies to tread an ever-finer line between entrepreneurship and fraud.

中文翻译:

四大如何变大:审计文化与国际会计师事务所的蜕变

管理和会计的新计算技术正在对组织、个人和社会产生变革性影响。这些过程通常与当代新自由主义资本主义有关,但究竟是什么驱动了这些测量系统的扩散,这种变化实际上是如何发生的?我们通过探索四大国际会计师事务所的历史及其在传播审计文化和财务会计合理性方面的作用来解决这些问题。自 1990 年代以来,他们的职权范围从传统审计扩展到越来越重视咨询服务,这使得他们的公共监督角色与其商业利益之间的界限越来越模糊。结合审计公司专业人士不断变化的价值观、职业轨迹和“习惯”,以及自律的弱点,这导致了道德和企业社会责任方面的问题。使用人种学的例子,我们研究了最初接受财务诚信学科培训的会计师在担任公司经理和合伙人的高级职位时变得更加具有企业家精神的转变。如果会计的计算实践是现代审计形式的核心,我们认为它们也在将会计师事务所本身转变为更加计算化和财务化的实体。最后,我们展示了 1990 年代后如何从审计转向咨询服务,导致这些公司在创业与欺诈之间走得更远。使用人种学的例子,我们研究了最初接受财务诚信学科培训的会计师在担任公司经理和合伙人的高级职位时变得更加具有企业家精神的转变。如果会计的计算实践是现代审计形式的核心,我们认为它们也在将会计师事务所本身转变为更加计算化和财务化的实体。最后,我们展示了 1990 年代后如何从审计转向咨询服务,导致这些公司在创业与欺诈之间走得更远。使用人种学的例子,我们研究了最初接受财务诚信学科培训的会计师在担任公司经理和合伙人的高级职位时变得更加具有企业家精神的转变。如果会计的计算实践是现代审计形式的核心,我们认为它们也在将会计师事务所本身转变为更加计算化和财务化的实体。最后,我们展示了 1990 年代后如何从审计转向咨询服务,导致这些公司在创业与欺诈之间走得更远。当他们晋升为公司经理和合伙人的高级职位时,他们会变得更加具有创业精神。如果会计的计算实践是现代审计形式的核心,我们认为它们也在将会计师事务所本身转变为更加计算化和财务化的实体。最后,我们展示了 1990 年代后如何从审计转向咨询服务,导致这些公司在创业与欺诈之间走得更远。当他们晋升为公司经理和合伙人的高级职位时,他们会变得更加具有创业精神。如果会计的计算实践是现代审计形式的核心,我们认为它们也正在将会计师事务所本身转变为更加计算化和财务化的实体。最后,我们展示了 1990 年代后如何从审计转向咨询服务,导致这些公司在创业与欺诈之间走得更远。
更新日期:2018-05-14
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