A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the extent of continued influence of misinformation in the face of correction and the theoretical explanations of this phenomenon. Aggregation of results from 32 studies (N = 6,527) revealed that, on average, correction does not entirely eliminate the effect of misinformation (r = –.05, p = .045). Corrective messages were found to be more successful when they are coherent, consistent with the audience’s worldview, and delivered by the source of the misinformation itself. Corrections are less effective if the misinformation was attributed to a credible source, the misinformation has been repeated multiple times prior to correction, or when there was a time lag between the delivery of the misinformation and the correction. These findings are consistent with predictions based on theories of mental models and offer concrete recommendations for practitioners.

中文翻译：

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对错误信息在改正面前的持续影响进行的荟萃分析：它有多强大，为什么会发生以及如何阻止它？

进行了荟萃分析，以检查面对纠正的错误信息持续影响的程度以及对此现象的理论解释。来自32项研究（N = 6,527）的结果汇总显示，平均而言，校正并不能完全消除错误信息的影响（r = –.05，p = .045）。当纠正信息前后连贯，与听众的世界观保持一致并由错误信息来源发出时，发现纠正信息会更加成功。如果错误信息归因于可靠的来源，错误信息在更正之前已被重复多次或在错误信息的传递与更正之间存在时间间隔，则更正的效果不佳。