ABSTRACT This paper's main objective is to explain the concept of transactionalist foreign policy in detail and to demonstrate how it applies to a real-world case in Turkish foreign policy towards the EU under the AKP rule. We define transactionalism as a foreign policy approach that favours bilateral to multilateral relations, focuses on short-term wins rather than longer-term strategic foresight, adheres to a zero-sum worldview where all gains are relative and reciprocity is absent, rejects value-based policymaking, and does not follow a grand strategy. This paper also provides a new layer to the existing periodisation of AKP's EU policy through framing the EU as ‘a foreign policy actor’ in Turkey-EU relations. Scholars divide Turkey's EU policy under the AKP government into three broad periods: Europeanisation, selective Europeanisation and De-Europeanisation. We complement this literature by adding another layer of analysis that focuses on Turkey's foreign relations in its broader region, including the EU, and argue that Turkey's relations with the EU were characterised by the zero-problems doctrine during the selective Europeanisation period, and by civilisational competition with the EU during the de-Europeanisation period, and by transactionalism since 2016.

中文翻译：

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国际关系中交易主义的兴起：来自土耳其与欧盟关系的证据

摘要 本文的主要目的是详细解释交易主义外交政策的概念，并展示它如何适用于土耳其在 AKP 规则下对欧盟的外交政策的真实案例。我们将交易主义定义为一种外交政策方法，有利于双边到多边关系，侧重于短期胜利而不是长期战略远见，坚持所有收益都是相对的，没有互惠的零和世界观，拒绝以价值为基础政策制定，并没有遵循大战略。本文还通过将欧盟框架化为土耳其-欧盟关系中的“外交政策参与者”，为 AKP 欧盟政策的现有周期提供了一个新层次。学者将土耳其在 AKP 政府领导下的欧盟政策划分为三个大的时期：欧洲化、选择性欧洲化和去欧洲化。我们通过添加另一层分析来补充这一文献，该分析侧重于土耳其在其更广泛地区（包括欧盟）的外交关系，并认为土耳其与欧盟的关系在选择性欧洲化时期以零问题原则为特征，并以文明主义为特征。去欧洲化时期与欧盟的竞争，以及自 2016 年以来的交易主义。