This article explores how refugees in non-signatory countries in Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia, have some protection through alternative paths under international refugee law. These two countries provide forms of protection even if they are not States Parties to the Refugee Convention. These two case studies show that the governance of protection for refugee and asylum seekers is provided through alternative paths, even in the absence of international law and statist processes. These alternative paths offer a degree of meaningful protection, even if this is not tantamount to resettlement. Alternative paths of protection are initiated mainly by non-state actors. The states try to manage alternative protective governance to secure their interests by maintaining their sovereignty, on the one hand, and performing humanitarian duties on the other. In this regard, Indonesia and Malaysia have resorted to meta-governance to balance these two concerns.

中文翻译：

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马来西亚和印度尼西亚难民和寻求庇护者保护的替代途径

本文探讨了东南亚非签署国（特别是印度尼西亚和马来西亚）的难民如何通过国际难民法下的替代途径获得一些保护。这两个国家即使不是《难民公约》的缔约国，也提供各种形式的保护。这两个案例研究表明，即使没有国际法和国家主义程序，对难民和寻求庇护者的保护治理是通过其他途径提供的。这些替代途径提供了一定程度的有意义的保护，即使这并不等同于重新安置。替代性保护途径主要由非国家行为者发起。一方面，国家试图通过维护主权来管理替代保护性治理以确保其利益，并在另一方面履行人道主义职责。在这方面，印度尼西亚和马来西亚已诉诸元治理来平衡这两个问题。