ABSTRACT

This article argues that sanctions are interactional tools; their interactive nature is evident if these measures are considered as a form of stigmatization, which is the outcome of an interaction between the group imposing the stigma and the actor that is stigmatized. Stigmatized states do not always accept the label that is placed upon them and can adopt strategies to counter or resist stigma. From a symbolic interactionalist perspective, this can be understood as a state’s foreign policy role. Such an approach is illustrated through a study of Russia’s response to being sanctioned by the EU and the US for its policies in the Ukrainian crisis. It is argued that Russian leaders are unlikely to cave into Western pressure because they reject the role of deviant that is placed upon their state and instead adopt the role of the ‘untouchable’ state, which is consistent with Russia’s great power identity. Though the sanctions may enable the EU and the US to activate their roles as normative powers, in the context of the Ukrainian crisis, they have locked the parties into roles that contribute to the crisis’ duration.

抽象的

本文认为制裁是一种互动工具。如果将这些措施视为污名化的形式，则它们的交互性就很明显，这是施加污名的群体与被污名化的演员之间相互作用的结果。污名化的国家并不总是接受贴在其上的标签，而是可以采取策略来对抗或抵制污名化。从象征主义的互动主义者的角度来看，这可以理解为国家的外交政策角色。通过研究俄罗斯对欧盟和美国因其在乌克兰危机中的政策而受到制裁的反应，可以说明这种方法。有人认为，俄罗斯领导人不太可能屈服于西方压力，因为他们拒绝施加在自己国家上的越轨行为，而采取“不可触及的”国家的角色，这与俄罗斯的大国形象是一致的。尽管制裁可能使欧盟和美国能够发挥其作为规范性国家的作用，但在乌克兰危机的背景下，它们已将双方锁定在有助于危机持续时间的角色上。