ABSTRACT

The term ‘Bilbao effect’ describes the potential of iconic architectural developments (IADs) designed by world famous architects to act as a catalyst for economic revitalization and transformation within neighbourhoods or regions. Despite the ubiquity of this term, its validity is still debated. Furthermore, research on the topic has relied almost exclusively on individual or small-N comparative case studies. This paper builds on this research by testing the Bilbao effect through a quantitative analysis of 142 IADs completed in Canada and the United States between 2000 and 2009. Using fixed effects modelling, a method that controls for selection bias, the analysis examines the effect of IADs on a set of outcome variables that measure neighbourhood-level economic and cultural changes during this period: population, rent, the number of local arts establishments and the number of cultural workers living in the area. The analysis demonstrates that neighbourhoods with IADs generally experienced more economic and cultural growth than non-IAD neighbourhoods during this time period. However, the paper also complicates these findings by examining differences in how this growth manifests itself within emerging versus established neighbourhoods. These differences are illustrated through a comparison of the Dallas Arts District and Lincoln Square, Manhattan.

摘要

“毕尔巴鄂效应”一词描述了由世界著名建筑师设计的标志性建筑开发 (IAD) 的潜力，它们可作为社区或地区经济振兴和转型的催化剂。尽管这个词无处不在，但它的有效性仍然存在争议。此外，对该主题的研究几乎完全依赖于个人或小 N 比较案例研究。本文以此研究为基础，通过对 2000 年至 2009 年在加拿大和美国完成的 142 个 IAD 进行定量分析来测试毕尔巴鄂效应。 使用固定效应模型（一种控制选择偏差的方法），分析检验了 IAD 的影响一系列衡量这一时期邻里经济和文化变化的结果变量：人口、租金、当地艺术机构的数量和居住在该地区的文化工作者的数量。分析表明，在此期间，拥有 IAD 的社区通常比非 IAD 社区经历了更多的经济和文化增长。然而，该论文还通过检查这种增长如何在新兴社区和成熟社区中表现出来的差异使这些发现复杂化。通过比较达拉斯艺术区和曼哈顿林肯广场可以说明这些差异。该论文还通过检查这种增长在新兴社区和成熟社区中表现方式的差异使这些发现复杂化。通过比较达拉斯艺术区和曼哈顿林肯广场可以说明这些差异。该论文还通过检查这种增长在新兴社区和成熟社区中表现方式的差异使这些发现复杂化。通过比较达拉斯艺术区和曼哈顿林肯广场可以说明这些差异。