Abstract

Introduction

Ecstasy (MDMA) is a popular recreational drug, but its illegal production and trade in the Netherlands have developed into a serious public order and ecological problem which endanger and question the harm reduction approach of the Dutch ecstasy policy.

Methods

The market characteristics, adverse health effects, risk profile, and link to criminal activity of ecstasy were reviewed.

Results

Ecstasy is often used in combination with other substances (i.e. polydrug use). Compared to several other illicit drugs and alcohol, ecstasy has a very low abuse and dependence liability and, as yet, there is little evidence of long-term harm. A potential health risk associated with ecstasy is acute hyperthermia, however this occurs at an unknown incidence rate and seems to be more prevalent when ecstasy is consumed in combination with heavy exercise at high ambient temperatures or when used in combination with other substances, including alcohol. Organized crime related to the production and trafficking of ecstasy in the Netherlands is a growing problem.

Conclusions

This review provides a science-based summary that can be used to assist the public and political debate surrounding future Dutch ecstasy policy to reduce ecstasy-related organized crime while maintaining the principle of harm reduction.

中文翻译：

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荷兰摇头丸的使用特征和潜在危害

抽象的

介绍

摇头丸（MDMA）是一种流行的休闲药物，但是在荷兰，摇头丸的非法生产和贸易已发展成为严重的公共秩序和生态问题，危及到荷兰摇头丸政策的减少危害方法。

方法

审查了市场特征，不良健康影响，风险状况以及与摇头丸犯罪活动的联系。

结果

摇头丸通常与其他物质结合使用（即多药使用）。与其他几种违禁药物和酒精相比，摇头丸的滥用和抚养责任低，而且，目前尚无长期危害的证据。与摇头丸有关的潜在健康风险是急性体温过高，但是发生这种情况的发生率未知，当在高环境温度下与大量运动相结合而食用摇头丸或与其他物质（包括酒精）组合使用时，这种现象似乎更为普遍。与荷兰生产和贩运摇头丸有关的有组织犯罪是一个日益严重的问题。

结论

这篇评论提供了基于科学的摘要，可用于协助围绕未来荷兰摇头丸政策的公众和政治辩论，以减少与摇头丸有关的有组织犯罪，同时保持减少伤害的原则。