Wage formation in Sweden has been decentralized, and the introduction of individual performance-based pay has increased employer discretion. This article explores practices of local-level wage determination and argues that existing analyses still have too much focus on the formal (regulatory) institutions to explain what that is going on under the surface. Drawing on interviews with HR, managers, employees and union representatives from both public and private sector organizations, the study concludes that individual and differentiated wage-setting is delimited locally by small budgets and the actors’ cultural–cognitive and normative expectations. Even though there have been radical changes in collective agreements and policies, we find strong elements of path dependency in local wage determination practices.

中文翻译：

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瑞典个体化和差异化薪酬的表面之下：绩效薪酬的零和游戏？

瑞典的工资形成是分散的，个人绩效工资的引入增加了雇主的自由裁量权。本文探讨了地方层面工资决定的实践，并认为现有的分析仍然过多地关注正式（监管）机构，无法解释表面上发生的事情。通过对来自公共和私营部门组织的人力资源、经理、雇员和工会代表的采访，该研究得出的结论是，个人和差异化的工资设定在当地受到小额预算和参与者的文化认知和规范期望的限制。尽管集体协议和政策发生了根本性的变化，但我们发现地方工资决定实践中存在很强的路径依赖因素。