Inter-regional migration is conventionally seen as an important path to economic mobility. We investigate this proposition for Norway, focusing on earnings rank in the 1974 birth cohort. Our data include migrations and educational achievements between 1990 and 2009, with added information for parental background from 1988 to 1992. We measure annual earnings between 1990 and 2014, with measures that capture static effects, dynamic effects and long-term outcomes. Using a structural equation model and fixed-effects regression, we show that upward spatial migration across three geographical levels has different impacts for men and women. The benefit compared with peers who stay at lower levels, or peers who move in the opposite direction, is larger for women. This difference is due to migration before finished education and is linked to employment opportunities in origin locations. Female migrants obtain higher upward economic mobility through increased work hours and shift of industrial sector; that is, women do not obtain higher wage for the same type of work. Much of the difference materialises immediately after relocation (‘static effect’); it also depends on destination: Oslo is relatively favourable to women, possibly because this region has a quintessential post-industrial structure and a well-developed transport system.

中文翻译：

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经济流动的迁移途径：性别重要吗？

传统上，区域间移民被视为实现经济流动的重要途径。我们针对挪威的这一提议进行了调查，重点是1974年出生队列中的收入排名。我们的数据包括1990年至2009年之间的迁徙和教育成就，并提供了1988年至1992年之间的父母背景信息。我们测量了1990年至2014年之间的年收入，其中包含了静态影响，动态影响和长期结果。使用结构方程模型和固定效应回归，我们表明跨越三个地理级别的向上空间迁移对男人和女人都有不同的影响。与处于较低水平的同龄人或朝相反方向运动的同龄人相比，妇女获得的收益更大。造成这种差异的原因是在完成学业之前的迁移，并且与原籍国的就业机会有关。通过增加工作时间和转移工业部门，女性移民获得了更高的向上经济流动性；那就是女人不能为相同类型的工作获得更高的工资。搬迁后，立即产生了许多差异（“静态效应”）；它也取决于目的地：奥斯陆对妇女相对有利，这可能是因为该地区具有典型的后工业结构和发达的交通运输系统。