This article highlights diplomatic practices that contributed to the wide approval of the polemical issue of humanitarian intervention, reframed into the term Responsibility to Protect (R2P). The expression was coined in 2001. It is now reported that R2P was unanimously agreed upon by 155 heads of states and governments during the 2005 World Summit held at the United Nations (UN) General Assembly. The conditions under which such an issue can reach a swift consensus are complex and manifold. Here, I focus on a diplomatic strategy employed by a handful of actors who carefully bypassed UN headquarters rather than promote the idea within the organization, as the official narratives on R2P suggest. I show that this strategy was inspired by a previous experience that led to another important change in global politics—the entry into force of the Anti‐Personnel Mine Ban Convention in 1999. The actors involved contributed to a normative change on humanitarian intervention by creating new forums of negotiations and using new kinds of networks that avoid multilateral arenas such as the UN. This article exposes concealed and informal aspects of diplomatic practices.

中文翻译：

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“超越联合国”：外交实践和多边环境的变化

本文重点介绍了外交实践，这些外交实践导致了对人道主义干预这一具有争议性的问题的广泛认可，并被重新定义为“保护责任”（R2P）。该表述是在2001年创造的。据报道，R2P在155个国家元首和政府首脑于2005年在联合国大会上举行的世界峰会上获得一致同意。这种问题可以迅速达成共识的条件是复杂而多样的。在此，我将重点介绍一些行为者采用的外交策略，这些行为者绕开了联合国总部，而不是像在R2P上的官方叙述所暗示的那样，在组织内部推广这一想法。我表明，该策略的灵感来自先前的经验，该经验导致了全球政治的另一重要变化，即1999年《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》的生效。所涉行为者通过创造新的，对人道主义干预的规范性变化做出了贡献。谈判论坛和使用避免多边领域的新型网络，例如联合国。本文介绍了外交惯例的隐蔽和非正式方面。