Parents are crucial agents of religious socialization, but the broader social environment is also influential. A key question is whether parents are more or less influential when their religious beliefs and practices are not shared by people around them. Current thinking on the issue has largely been shaped by Kelley and De Graaf, who argued that parental religious socialization matters most in secular countries. We maintain that that conclusion is mistaken: levels of parental and national religiosity are both important, but their effects are largely independent of each other. Kelley and De Graaf's findings rely on the assumption that religious belief and practice are different expressions of the same underlying phenomenon (religiosity) and vary in the same way across time and space. These measures are not equivalent, however. In relatively religious societies, belief in God is widespread even among those who do not attend services, whereas in societies where religious involvement is low, nonchurchgoers tend to be nonbelievers.

中文翻译：

---

国家背景，父母社会化与宗教信仰与实践之间的变化关系

父母是宗教社会化的重要推动者，但更广泛的社会环境也具有影响力。一个关键的问题是，当周围的人没有分享他们的宗教信仰和习俗时，父母是否会或多或少地产生影响。当前关于这个问题的想法很大程度上是由Kelley和De Graaf决定的，他们认为父母宗教社会化在世俗国家中最为重要。我们坚持认为，这一结论是错误的：父母和国家的宗教信仰水平都很重要，但是它们的影响在很大程度上是相互独立的。凯利（Kelley）和德格拉夫（De Graaf）的发现基于这样一个假设，即宗教信仰和实践是同一基本现象（宗教性）的不同表达，并且在时间和空间上以相同的方式变化。但是，这些措施并不等效。