Microcephaly and encephalocele are congenital conditions that are rarely observed in perinatal skeletal remains. This case report investigates the craniofacial features of an individual of 38 gestational weeks from the Collezione Antropologica LABANOF (CAL) skeletal collection for which the death certificate indicates microcephaly and encephalocele as the cause of death. Loss of normal morphology of the sphenoid, temporal, and maxillary bones was noted and described. The state of preservation of the skeleton hindered direct observation of the anomalies related to microcephaly, but features that can be ascribed to an encephalocele were found. However, the lesions observed could not be reliably related to the conditions reported in the death certificate, so an additional interpretation of the observed pathological signs was suggested, even though the bone changes are not specific enough to draw a definite diagnosis. Although the skeleton was not fully recovered, the remaining osseous elements provide relevant insights to the appearance of cranial anomalies in perinatal individuals. Moreover, these findings are helpful to bioarcheologists because of the dearth of reports that describe the skeletal changes that accompany these pathological conditions.

中文翻译：

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具有挑战性的诊断来自意大利20世纪的新生儿颅骨先天性异常的文献记录

小头畸形和脑膨出是先天性疾病，在围产期骨骼遗骸中很少观察到。该病例报告调查了来自Collezione Antropologica LABANOF的38个妊娠周的个体的颅面特征（CAL）骨骼集合，其死亡证明书指出小头畸形和脑膨出是死亡原因。注意到并描述了蝶骨，颞骨和上颌骨的正常形态丧失。骨骼的保存状态妨碍了直接观察与小头畸形有关的异常，但是发现了可以归因于脑膨出的特征。然而，观察到的病变与死亡证明书中所报告的状况不能可靠地相关，因此，即使骨骼变化不足以做出明确的诊断，也建议对观察到的病理迹象进行其他解释。尽管骨骼尚未完全恢复，但剩余的骨成分为围产期个体颅骨异常的出现提供了相关的见解。而且，