The external geometry of the human femur changes markedly during early ontogeny as children learn to sit, crawl, stand, and eventually walk. Here we examine the pattern of femoral angle development in a sample of children from 18th and 19th century London and evaluate how angular changes correspond to key stages of childhood locomotor development. Metaphyseal bicondylar angle (BCA) and neck‐shaft angle (NSA) measurements were collected from radiographs of a documented archeological sample of 112 children aged from birth to 8.5 years. Ontogenetic patterns were assessed by using a local regression (LOESS) to fit curves to each angle parameter according to chronological age and femur length, and group comparisons were made between successive locomotor stages. The results demonstrate an increase in BCA throughout growth, which accelerates rapidly between the ages of 1 and 2 years when children first start to walk with an immature waddling gait. NSA was observed to increase during the first few months after birth, followed by a rapid decline at about 7 months and a steady decline during the second year when children learn to walk. The findings from this study contribute to the current literature on femoral angle development and provide an insight into femur development in children from industrial London. Further research is required to ascertain whether this pattern of NSA development is specific to the studied population.

中文翻译：

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18和19世纪伦敦儿童的股骨角发育和运动进展

随着孩子学会坐着，爬行，站立并最终走路，人类股骨的外部几何形状在个体发育的早期就发生了显着变化。在这里，我们检查了18和19世纪伦敦儿童样本中的股骨角发育模式，并评估了角度变化如何对应于儿童运动能力发育的关键阶段。phy骨双con角（BCA）和颈轴角（NSA）测量值是从112例出生至8.5岁儿童的考古学样本的X射线照片中收集的。通过使用局部回归（LOESS）根据时间年龄和股骨长度将曲线拟合到每个角度参数来评估个体发育模式，并在连续运动阶段之间进行组比较。结果表明，整个生长过程中BCA的增加，当孩子第一次以不成熟的蹒跚步态走路时，它会在1至2岁之间迅速加速。在出生后的头几个月，NSA会增加，随后大约7个月迅速下降，而在第二年，儿童学会走路时，NSA会稳定下降。这项研究的发现有助于目前有关股骨角发育的文献，并为工业伦敦儿童的股骨发育提供了见识。需要进一步的研究来确定这种NSA发展模式是否特定于所研究的人群。随后在大约7个月时迅速下降，在儿童学习走路的第二年中逐渐下降。这项研究的发现有助于目前有关股骨角发育的文献，并为工业伦敦儿童的股骨发育提供了见识。需要进一步的研究来确定这种NSA发展模式是否特定于所研究的人群。随后在大约7个月时迅速下降，在儿童学习走路的第二年中逐渐下降。这项研究的发现有助于目前有关股骨角发育的文献，并为工业伦敦儿童的股骨发育提供了见识。需要进一步的研究来确定这种NSA发展模式是否特定于所研究的人群。