The Middle Ages in the Polish Plain saw an increase in fish consumption as it substituted meat during Lent and other meatless days, approximately one third of the year, due to religious restrictions. Demand for fish stimulated the market. Fish trade and distribution can be easily reconstructed regarding marine species; however, freshwater taxa evade such reconstructions. Modern analytical tools, such as stable isotope analysis, can distinguish freshwater fish inhabiting brackish water typical of estuaries from individuals occupying inland water reservoirs. In this study, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis was conducted for fish remains excavated from mid‐13th to 14th century residential complex from Wysoka Górka at Chełm, modern Poland. Samples of 16 individuals representing nine taxa met the collagen quality criteria. Half of the individuals expressed δ¹³C values typical of marine environment: four sturgeons (Acipenser oxyrinchus), two catfishes (Silurus glanis), a pike (Esox lucius) and a bream (Abramis brama). Such values are expected for sturgeon, an anadromous fish, but not typical for freshwater taxa from the sites deep inland, like Chełm. The results are discussed whether freshwater fish are of local origin, migrated in the area of Chełm, or were item of trade, probably from the Baltic coast (approximately 450 km); however, the presence of carp (Cyprinus carpio) may indicate the basin of the Black Sea.

中文翻译：

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同位素证据，可能在13至14世纪的现代波兰Chełm进行长距离淡水鱼贸易

波兰平原的中世纪时期，由于宗教限制，在大斋节和其他无肉日（大约一年的三分之一）中用肉代替肉，从而鱼类消费量增加。对鱼的需求刺激了市场。就海洋物种而言，鱼类贸易和分配很容易重建；然而，淡水生物群却逃避了这种重建。现代分析工具，例如稳定同位素分析，可以将居住在河口微咸水中的淡水鱼与内陆水库中的个体区分开。在这项研究中，对从13世纪中叶到14世纪从现代波兰Chełm的WysokaGórka住宅区挖掘的鱼残进行了碳和氮稳定同位素分析。代表9个分类单元的16个人的样本符合胶原蛋白质量标准。海洋环境的典型¹³ C值：四个urge鱼（Acipenser oxyrinchus），两个cat鱼（Silurus glanis），梭子鱼（Esox lucius）和（Abramis brama）。对于values鱼（一种rom鱼）来说，预计会有这样的值，但对于内陆深处（如Chełm）的淡水类群来说，这种值是不常见的。讨论了结果，讨论的是淡水鱼是否是当地产地，在切夫姆地区迁移的或是贸易品，可能来自波罗的海沿岸（约450公里）；然而，鲤鱼​​（Cyprinus carpio）的存在可能预示着黑海盆地。