Media history offers an essential but easily overlooked set of tools for understanding scientific facts as historical processes. This essay argues that the “when” of the specific media through which scientific knowledge is created, disseminated, and taken up as authoritative has played a central part in the “how,” “what,” and “why” of scientific fact‐making as well as our iterative attempts to historicize science, medicine, and technology. Attending explicitly to how new (and old) media engage in the production, circulation, and consumption of knowledge can further help the historian understand dilations and contractions in the threshold of participation in scientific fact‐making itself. Manuscripts, printing presses, cheap newsprint, and open‐source digital publications open up and shut down possibilities of who gets to learn about science as news, who gets to act as a nodal point in the circulation of scientific knowledge, and who is able to make and share an observation about the natural world in the first place. Centering the media of scientific knowledge‐in‐the‐making offers a means of relating the history of science to the broader history of knowledge not in terms of absolute difference but in terms of the specificity of mediation.

中文翻译：

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媒体资源的知识：迈向科学，医学和技术的媒体历史

媒体历史为理解科学事实作为历史过程提供了一组基本但容易被忽视的工具。本文认为，创造，传播和吸收科学知识所用的特定媒体的“何时”在科学事实的“如何”，“什么”和“为什么”中起着核心作用。以及我们反复尝试对科学，医学和技术进行历史化的尝试。明确地关注新（旧）媒体如何参与知识的生产，流通和消费，可以进一步帮助历史学家理解参与科学事实本身的起点上的膨胀和收缩。手稿，印刷机，廉价新闻纸，开源数字出版物打开和关闭了以下可能性：谁可以将科学作为新闻来学习，谁可以充当科学知识传播的节点，谁可以就自然界发表和分享看法世界第一。以科学知识的创造为中心，提供了一种手段，可以将科学史与更广泛的知识史联系起来，而不仅仅是绝对差异，而是根据中介的特殊性。