This study introduces the complementarity perspective to the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) research as a process to compare the two entrepreneurial ecosystems of Reading (United Kingdom) and Istanbul (Turkey). We apply the multiple-case design methodology based on the rapid ethnography and the grounded theory to construct two entrepreneurial ecosystem models characterized by different EE taxonomy pillars and embedded in different local and institutional contexts. As a result of the study, two findings emerge. First, we find three distinct complementarities in both EEs: access to resources, effective use of resources, entrepreneurial orientation, and ecosystem awareness. Second, EE taxonomy pillars serve as mediators between ecosystem elements that drive entrepreneurial activity and complementarities. We argue that this approach could be applied to understand how EEs work and develop in regions with heterogeneous economic, geographical, and institutional contexts.

中文翻译：

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创业生态系统研究的未知水域：比较大伊斯坦布尔和雷丁生态系统

本研究将互补性视角引入创业生态系统 (EE) 研究，作为比较雷丁（英国）和伊斯坦布尔（土耳其）两个创业生态系统的过程。我们应用基于快速民族志和扎根理论的多案例设计方法来构建两个创业生态系统模型，这些模型具有不同的 EE 分类支柱并嵌入不同的地方和制度背景。作为研究的结果，出现了两个发现。首先，我们在两个 EE 中发现了三个不同的互补性：资源获取、资源的有效利用、创业导向和生态系统意识。其次，EE 分类支柱充当推动创业活动和互补性的生态系统元素之间的中介。