Over the past half century, it has become commonplace for environmental managers and policy makers to engage the public in decision making, a set of diverse activities known collectively as public participation. Despite widespread support for public participation, there is no explicit consensus on the purpose of this practice. In this study, we developed and tested a first-of-its-kind quantitative measure of public participation goals among a sample of the U.S. public. Survey data indicate a classification of four participation goals' orientations: functionalist-deliberative, instrumental, emancipatory, and coercive. A subsequent survey with a separate sample of the public explored the antecedents and consequences of these goal orientations. Regression analyses reveal that four common dimensions of the Schwartz Value Survey (altruism, egoism, traditionalism, and openness to change) are significant predictors of these goal orientations. For example, altruistic values predict adherence to emancipatory participation goals, while egoism (i.e., self-interest) is associated with a coercive goal orientation. In turn, preferences for public participation goals are predictors of respondents' levels of satisfaction with two common public participation techniques, public hearings and public advisory boards. Instrumental participation goals are associated with greater satisfaction with public hearings, but a functionalist-deliberative goals' orientation predicts satisfaction with advisory boards. This study has implications for the effective design and implementation of public participation programs and indicates a need for greater study of public participation goals among practitioners and participants.

中文翻译：

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公众参与的公共价值观和目标

在过去的半个世纪里，环境管理者和政策制定者让公众参与决策已经变得司空见惯，这是一组统称为公众参与的多样化活动。. 尽管公众参与得到广泛支持，但对于这种做法的目的并没有明确的共识。在这项研究中，我们在美国公众样本中开发并测试了首创的公众参与目标定量测量方法。调查数据表明四种参与目标的方向分类：功能主义-审议型、工具型、解放型和强制型。随后对单独的公众样本进行的调查探讨了这些目标取向的前因和后果。回归分析表明，施瓦茨价值调查的四个共同维度（利他主义、利己主义、传统主义和对变革的开放性）是这些目标取向的重要预测因素。例如，利他主义价值观预测对解放参与目标的遵守，而利己主义（即，自我利益）与强制性目标取向有关。反过来，对公众参与目标的偏好是受访者对两种常见公众参与技巧、公众听证会和公众咨询委员会的满意程度的预测指标。工具性参与目标与公众听证会更高的满意度相关，但功能主义-审议目标的方向预测对咨询委员会的满意度。本研究对公众参与计划的有效设计和实施具有影响，并表明需要对从业者和参与者之间的公众参与目标进行更多研究。对两种常见的公众参与技巧、公众听证会和公众咨询委员会的满意度。工具性参与目标与公众听证会更高的满意度相关，但功能主义-审议目标的方向预测对咨询委员会的满意度。本研究对公众参与计划的有效设计和实施具有影响，并表明需要对从业者和参与者之间的公众参与目标进行更多研究。对两种常见的公众参与技巧、公众听证会和公众咨询委员会的满意度。工具性参与目标与公众听证会更高的满意度相关，但功能主义-审议目标的方向预测对咨询委员会的满意度。本研究对公众参与计划的有效设计和实施具有影响，并表明需要对从业者和参与者之间的公众参与目标进行更多研究。