With large tracts of forested land planned for, or already converted to, industrial palm oil concessions, there is a need to better understand the gendered implications for, and responses by, communities affected by such landscape change. This paper examines the differentiated gendered responses and livelihood strategies of Dayak Modang women and men in a hamlet in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, surrounded by industrial palm oil plantations. Informed by feminist political ecology, we investigate how the compounding impact of industrial oil palm – the basis and outcome of enclavement – curtails livelihood options and reinforces gender differentiation in terms of access to and use of customary resources. Gendered inequalities and food insecurity dynamics emerge as a result. We show how, however, that despite gendered exclusions, Dayak Modang women use their own knowledge and practices to diversify livelihoods to negotiate emerging constraints over resource access and use. Our paper demonstrates that ways in which Dayak women ‘sustain livelihoods’ reflects forms of everyday negotiations and resistance to intensifying constraints over life and livelihood.

中文翻译：

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在棕榈油飞地维持生计：印度尼西亚东加里曼丹地区的性别反应不同

在计划或已经将大片林地计划用于工业棕榈油特许权的情况下，有必要更好地了解受这种景观变化影响的社区的性别影响和反应。本文考察了印度尼西亚东加里曼丹一个被工业用棕榈油种植园包围的小村庄中的Dayak Modang男女性别差异化反应和生计策略。在女权主义政治生态学的启发下，我们研究了工业用油棕的复合影响（聚居地的基础和成果）如何减少生计选择并在获得和使用习惯资源方面加强性别差异。结果出现了性别不平等和粮食不安全动态。我们将展示如何，尽管存在性别排斥，达雅克·莫丹妇女利用自己的知识和实践来谋求生计多样化，就资源获取和使用方面出现的新限制进行谈判。我们的论文表明，达雅克妇女“维持生计”的方式反映了日常谈判的形式以及对生活和生计日趋严格的约束的抵制。