Undocumented activism is on the rise. In response to the expansion of immigrant policing, detention, and deportation, immigrant rights organizers have increasingly deployed a longstanding approach to anti‐deportation activism called “deportation defense campaigns” (DDCs). DDCs seek to disrupt the deportation regime by preventing or delaying individual deportations and providing immigrants a path to temporary or permanent legalization on a case‐by‐case basis. Yet in the process, campaigns must address questions about when and how to challenge dominant discourses and institutions while also achieving short‐term goals. We examine DDCs through Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of the “minor” to examine how campaigns navigate difficult decisions about when and how to employ tactics that are typically characterized as either disruptive or conformist. Indeed, we argue that disruption and conformism should be understood not as a static evaluative framework, but as strategies that condition, and are conditioned by, the contexts in which undocumented activism unfolds. Using ethnographic methods, we examine two DDCs to show how the campaigns strategically navigated the cramped political spaces of undocumented organizing in the months following the new Trump administration’s surge of anti‐immigrant policies. We find that DDCs simultaneously draw upon and subvert dominant forms of citizenship and belonging in order to pressure ICE to exercise legal discretion and stop deportation. We conclude that DDCs unfold under historically and geographically specific conditions that not only shape what counts as disruptive and conformist, but may call into question any easy division between the two altogether.

中文翻译：

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无证件的激进主义和次要政治：在驱逐出境运动的狭窄政治空间内

无证的激进主义正在上升。为了应对移民警务，拘留和驱逐出境的扩大，移民权利组织者越来越多地采用一种称为“驱逐出境运动”（DDCs）的长期做法来应对反驱逐主义。DDC试图通过防止或延迟个人驱逐出境并向移民提供逐案永久或永久合法化的途径来破坏驱逐制度。然而，在此过程中，竞选活动必须解决有关何时以及如何挑战主流话语和机构，同时也要实现短期目标的问题。我们通过德勒兹（Deleuze）和瓜塔里（Guattari）的“未成年人”概念来检查DDC，以检查运动如何在艰难的决定中决定何时以及如何采用通常以破坏性或顺从性为特征的策略。的确，我们认为，破坏和顺从主义不应被理解为一个静态的评估框架，而应被视为以未记载的行动主义展开的环境为条件并以其为背景的策略。我们使用人种学方法研究了两个DDC，以显示在新的特朗普政府反移民政策激增后的几个月中，竞选活动如何战略性地控制了无证组织的狭窄政治空间。我们发现，DDC同时利用和颠覆了主要的公民身份和归属形式，以迫使ICE行使法律自由裁量权并停止驱逐出境。我们得出的结论是，DDC在历史和地理上特定的条件下发展，这些条件不仅影响着破坏性和顺从性，而且可能使两者之间的任何轻易划分产生疑问。