There is a growing trend to both theoretically and empirically explain public punitiveness from a general social theory of late modernity. Yet, research which has tested the generalizability of this perspective regarding societies other than Western ones remains rare. Relying on a theoretical perspective and empirical findings, this study aimed to explore whether the hypothetical model, which assumes that abstract late modern anxieties ( economic anxiety and identity anxiety ) affect punitiveness via more tangible fears and negative attitudes toward others in terms of fear of crime , xenophobic attitudes , and social dominance orientation (SDO). The study considered whether this model can be applied to Japanese society, which is experiencing drastic social, economic, and political transformations. Accordingly, data from a nationwide Japanese sample was analyzed through structural equation modeling (SEM). The results revealed that all of the hypothesized paths had significant relations, except for a path between xenophobic attitudes and fear of crime, which generally supported the hypothetical model. Moreover, it was shown that all of the variables have a significant total effect on punitiveness. The results were discussed in light of the social circumstances of Japan and recommendations for further international comparative research were made.

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在晚期现代视角中对个人惩罚的决定因素进行建模：来自日本的数据

从晚期现代性的一般社会理论从理论上和经验上解释公共惩罚性的趋势正在增长。然而，测试这种观点对于西方社会以外社会的普遍性的研究仍然很少。本研究基于理论视角和实证结果，旨在探讨假设模型是否假设抽象的晚期现代焦虑（经济焦虑和身份焦虑）通过更具体的恐惧和对他人的消极态度来影响惩罚性。 、仇外态度和社会支配取向（SDO）。该研究考虑了这种模式是否可以应用于正在经历剧烈社会、经济和政治变革的日本社会。因此，通过结构方程模型 (SEM) 分析了来自日本全国样本的数据。结果表明，所有假设的路径都具有显着的关系，除了排外态度和犯罪恐惧之间的路径，这通常支持假设模型。此外，研究表明，所有变量对惩罚性都有显着的总体影响。结合日本的社会情况对结果进行了讨论，并提出了进一步进行国际比较研究的建议。结果表明，所有变量对惩罚性都有显着的总体影响。结合日本的社会情况对结果进行了讨论，并提出了进一步进行国际比较研究的建议。结果表明，所有变量对惩罚性都有显着的总体影响。结合日本的社会情况对结果进行了讨论，并提出了进一步进行国际比较研究的建议。