The core theme of the special issue in which this article appears is the inherent impossibility of confining the knowledge required to build and sustain the instruments of travel to a single space or institution. This is certainly true for the ships that built empires - the large sailing and later steam ships produced by navies and companies in the process of European expansion. Ships traveled between polities and required repairs overseas, taking the construction knowledge and practices with them. Skilled laborers - experienced shipwrights and increasingly also trained engineers - helped to transfer shipbuilding practices across oceans, and to adapt these practices to local conditions based on forms of "blended know-how." This article explores how the circulation of shipbuilding knowledge and practices within and between maritime empires changed with the increasing pace of industrialization. It does so on the basis of three moments: the Dutch East India Company's shipbuilding activities in Asia in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; the interaction between private industry and the Dutch state in advancing machine-manufacturing in both the Netherlands and on Java in the 1830s and 1840s; and the aid provided by Dutch engineers in laying the groundwork for Japanese industrial warship-construction in the second half of the nineteenth century. Such transfers put high demands on the capacities of states and naval administrators in controlling the flows of necessary resources and skilled labor, requiring complex arrangements between states and private capital. Industrialization did not change this basic fact, but it did change the nature of these arrangements. Although shipbuilding knowledge always remained practice-driven, highly mobile and susceptible to local adaptation, the increasing technological demands created by the transition from sail to steam and wood to iron, combined with the extension of the power of states and transnationally operating manufacturing companies, considerably changed the institutional embeddings and societal consequences of its circulation.

中文翻译：

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知识节点，管理转移：从风帆到蒸汽转型中的造船与修理

出现这篇文章的特刊的核心主题是，将构建和维持旅行工具所需的知识限制在一个单一的空间或机构中是固有的不可能。这对于建立帝国的船只来说当然是正确的——大型帆船和后来由海军和公司在欧洲扩张过程中生产的蒸汽船。船只在不同政体之间航行，需要在海外进行维修，同时也带走了建筑知识和实践。熟练的工人——经验丰富的造船工人和越来越多的训练有素的工程师——帮助将造船实践转移到大洋彼岸，并根据“混合技术诀窍”的形式使这些实践适应当地条件。本文探讨了海洋帝国内部和之间的造船知识和实践的流通如何随着工业化步伐的加快而变化。它基于三个时刻：荷兰东印度公司在 17 和 18 世纪在亚洲的造船活动；在 1830 年代和 1840 年代，私营企业与荷兰国家在推进荷兰和爪哇的机器制造方面的互动；以及荷兰工程师提供的帮助，为 19 世纪下半叶的日本工业军舰建造奠定了基础。这种转移对国家和海军管理者控制必要资源和熟练劳动力流动的能力提出了很高的要求，需要国家和私人资本之间进行复杂的安排。工业化并没有改变这个基本事实，但确实改变了这些安排的性质。尽管造船知识始终是实践驱动的、高度流动的并且容易因地制宜，但是从风帆到蒸汽、从木头到铁器的转变所产生的技术需求不断增加，加上国家和跨国经营制造公司权力的扩展，大大增加了技术需求。改变了其流通的制度嵌入和社会后果。