National citizenship is a core mode of social membership and belonging in ‘modern’ societies. In democratic societies, citizenship carries an aspiration to inclusion – so, citizens have a claim to equal social rights and membership. However, the institutions that are responsible for granting access to citizenship are falling well short of this vision. This gap is especially evident for migrants who want to become citizens or want to claim a long-term residence permit but find that the legal or financial barriers are too high. Citizenship has always operated to exclude some people just as much as it includes others, and indeed is argued by some to be inherently exclusionary, a story of complacency, hypocrisy, and domination, flattering to citizens and demeaning for noncitizens (Kochenov, 2019). With regard to the citizenship of migrants (especially those who naturalise), we see that inclusion and exclusion are the simultaneous experiences of the same people. Recent innovations in policies on access to citizenship across a wide range of countries contribute to a troubling observation: getting access to legal citizenship has become increasingly difficult, in particular for the most vulnerable groups of migrants, and gaining citizenship in the legal sense sometimes does not make one a citizen in a comprehensive substantive sense.

中文翻译：

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入籍政策，公民身份制度以及焦虑社会中的归属规定

国民公民身份是社会成员资格和归属于“现代”社会的一种核心模式。在民主社会中，公民抱有包容性的愿望–因此，公民要求平等社会权利和成员资格。但是，负责授予公民权的机构远未达到这一目标。对于希望成为公民或想要获得长期居留许可但发现法律或经济障碍过高的移民而言，这种差距尤为明显。公民身份一直在排斥某些人，就像排斥其他人一样，确实有人认为这是一种固有的排斥，这是一个自满，虚伪和统治的故事，对公民恭维并贬低非公民（Kochenov，2019）。关于移民（尤其是归化移民）的公民身份，我们看到包容和排斥是同一个人的同时经历。各国在获取公民权政策方面的最新创新导致令人不安的观察：获得合法公民权变得越来越困难，特别是对于最脆弱的移民群体而言，获得法律上的公民权有时并没有在全面的实质意义上使一个公民成为公民。